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Questions and Answers
What is the other term for the skeletal system?
What is the other term for the skeletal system?
Skeleton
What is the term used to describe a dead body?
What is the term used to describe a dead body?
Skeleton
How many bones are in the human skeleton?
How many bones are in the human skeleton?
206
What are the components of the skeletal system?
What are the components of the skeletal system?
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Which of the following is a type of cartilage found in the skeletal system?
Which of the following is a type of cartilage found in the skeletal system?
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The axial skeleton encompasses the skull, vertebral column and bony thorax.
The axial skeleton encompasses the skull, vertebral column and bony thorax.
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The appendicular skeleton primarily consists of the upper and lower limbs.
The appendicular skeleton primarily consists of the upper and lower limbs.
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What part of the skull is the frontal bone a component of?
What part of the skull is the frontal bone a component of?
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What is the name of the bone that connects the skull to the vertebral column?
What is the name of the bone that connects the skull to the vertebral column?
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The facial bones are responsible for the sense of smell.
The facial bones are responsible for the sense of smell.
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Which bone forms the upper jaw?
Which bone forms the upper jaw?
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Which bone serves as the point of attachment for the lower teeth?
Which bone serves as the point of attachment for the lower teeth?
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The nasal bones form the lower part of the nose.
The nasal bones form the lower part of the nose.
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What is the name of the bone that forms the cheekbones?
What is the name of the bone that forms the cheekbones?
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What is the bone responsible for protecting the eyes known as?
What is the bone responsible for protecting the eyes known as?
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What are the bones that form the hard palate of the mouth?
What are the bones that form the hard palate of the mouth?
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The inferior nasal conchae play a role in warming and humidifying the air we breathe.
The inferior nasal conchae play a role in warming and humidifying the air we breathe.
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What is the single bone found in the skull which separates the nasal cavity?
What is the single bone found in the skull which separates the nasal cavity?
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The paranasal sinuses are air-filled cavities found within the skull.
The paranasal sinuses are air-filled cavities found within the skull.
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What bone is commonly known as the 'breast bone'?
What bone is commonly known as the 'breast bone'?
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What is the name of the bone that forms the vertebral column?
What is the name of the bone that forms the vertebral column?
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Which one of the following vertebral curvatures is abnormal?
Which one of the following vertebral curvatures is abnormal?
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The first cervical vertebra is referred to as 'axis'.
The first cervical vertebra is referred to as 'axis'.
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What is the name of the structure that separates vertebrae, acting as a shock absorber?
What is the name of the structure that separates vertebrae, acting as a shock absorber?
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The sacral vertebrae fuse during childhood.
The sacral vertebrae fuse during childhood.
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What is the name of the bony structure that encloses the heart and lungs?
What is the name of the bony structure that encloses the heart and lungs?
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How many pairs of ribs are there in the human skeletal system?
How many pairs of ribs are there in the human skeletal system?
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The clavicle is attached to the sternum by the sternal end and the scapula by the acromial end.
The clavicle is attached to the sternum by the sternal end and the scapula by the acromial end.
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What bone forms the upper arm?
What bone forms the upper arm?
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The ulna is located on the thumb side of the forearm.
The ulna is located on the thumb side of the forearm.
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What is the name of the bone forming the kneecap?
What is the name of the bone forming the kneecap?
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Which of the following is NOT a part of the lower limb?
Which of the following is NOT a part of the lower limb?
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The fibula is thicker and stronger than the tibia.
The fibula is thicker and stronger than the tibia.
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What is the name of the deep, hemispherical socket formed by the Ilium, Ischium, and Pubis bones?
What is the name of the deep, hemispherical socket formed by the Ilium, Ischium, and Pubis bones?
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The foot consists of 7 tarsal bones, including the calcaneus and the talus.
The foot consists of 7 tarsal bones, including the calcaneus and the talus.
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What is the name of the tendon that connects the calf muscle to the heel bone?
What is the name of the tendon that connects the calf muscle to the heel bone?
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The three arches of the foot support weight distribution and provide shock absorption.
The three arches of the foot support weight distribution and provide shock absorption.
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The fontanels in an infant's skull are areas where the skull bones have not yet fused.
The fontanels in an infant's skull are areas where the skull bones have not yet fused.
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What is the condition known as a 'slipped disc'?
What is the condition known as a 'slipped disc'?
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The female pelvis is generally wider and shallower than the male pelvis.
The female pelvis is generally wider and shallower than the male pelvis.
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Study Notes
Skeletal System Overview
- The skeleton is composed of 206 bones, joints, ligaments, and cartilage.
- The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and bony thorax.
- The appendicular skeleton includes the upper and lower limbs, pectoral (shoulder), and pelvic (hip) girdles.
Skull
- The skull is made up of 22 bones.
- These bones are distributed within the cranium and facial bones.
- The cranium forms the superior, lateral, and posterior aspects, and the base forms the inferior aspect of the skull.
- The skull has approximately 85 openings for features like foramina, fissures, and canals.
Cranium
- The cranium consists of 8 types of bones: frontal, parietal (2), temporal (2), occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid.
- Different sutures connect these bones. Important sutures include: coronal, sagittal, lambdoidal, and squamous sutures.
Temporal Bones
- Named due to the grey-hair appearance in this area.
- Consists of different processes: squamous, tympanic, zygomatic, styloid, and mastoid processes.
Occipital Bone
- Forms the lower posterior wall and base of the skull.
- It has two occipital condyles.
- The foramen magnum is a significant opening, allowing the spinal cord to connect to the brain.
Sphenoid Bone
- Butterfly-shaped bone is the keystone of the cranium.
- This bone articulates with all the cranial bones.
- It consists of a body and three pairs of processes. These processes include the greater and lesser wings and pterygoid processes.
- It has a depression called the sella turcica, containing the pituitary gland.
- It also features important foramina such as the optic, foramen ovale, etc.
Ethmoid Bone
- Complex, irregular bone, positioned between the sphenoid and nasal bones
- Contains ethmoidal cells, forming part of the nasal cavity
Facial Bones
- Perform various functions, including forming the face framework, housing sense organs, and creating passages for air and food.
- There are multiple facial bones, with important examples like maxilla (2), mandible, zygomatic (2), nasal (2), lacrimal (2), palatine (2), inferior nasal conchae (2), and vomer.
Maxilla Bones
- Form the upper jaw, orbital floor, and the roof of the mouth.
- Sideways of the nose.
- Contains infraorbital foramen.
Mandible
- U-shaped, the largest and strongest facial bone.
- Forms the lower jaw.
- Articulates with temporal bones to form movable joints of the skull.
Zygomatic Bones
- Shape the cheek and outer orbit margin.
Nasal Bones
- Form the upper part of the nose, with cartilage forming the lower portion.
- The upper part supports the nose and nasal cavity.
Lacrimal Bones
- Form part of the nasal cavity and median orbital wall.
Palatine Bones
- Two L-shaped bones forming part of the hard palate, joining with the maxilla.
Inferior Nasal Conchae
- Bones forming the lateral wall of the nasal cavity.
Vomer Bone
- A slender bone forming part of the nasal septum.
Thoracic Cage (Rib Cage)
- Includes ribs and sternum.
- The ribs articulate with the vertebral column and sternum.
- Ribs 1-7 are true ribs; 8-10 are false ribs and 11-12 are floating ribs.
- Sternum has 3 parts: manubrium, body, and xiphoid process.
Pelvic Girdle
- Formed by a pair of coxal bones that connect with the sacrum in the posterior region.
- The pubic symphysis connects the two coxal bones anteriorly.
- The sacroiliac joints connect the pelvic girdle to the sacrum.
- The pelvic girdle comprises three types of bones (ilium, ischium, and pubis).
Upper Limb
- Pectoral girdle, including clavicle and scapula, connects upper limbs to axial skeleton.
- The humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals and phalanges make up the arm, forearm and hand.
Lower Limb
- Femur (thigh bone), tibia (shin bone), fibula (smaller lower leg bone), patella (kneecap), tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges form the leg and foot.
Characteristics of Vertebrae
- Vertebrae make up the spinal column.
- Consist of a centrum (body), vertebral arches, spinous processes and transverse processes.
Vertebral Column
- The spinal column consists of cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (5 fused), and coccygeal (4 fused).
- The normal curves of the spine, including cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral curves, are important for flexibility and shock absorption.
- Abnormal curves like scoliosis and kyphosis are due to several causes and should be examined by a medical professional.
Special Characteristics
- Orbits: formed by seven bones
- Paranasal sinuses: four sinuses are formed by bones in the head
- Hyoid bone: U-shaped, located below the mandible and is not connected to any other bone.
Developmental Aspects
- The skull bones in a newborn are incomplete, connected by unossified membranes called fontanels that allow compression of the cranium for birthing and accommodate brain growth.
Herniation
- Herniation refers to the protrusion of a structure, such as the nucleus pulposus, through a weakened or ruptured annulus fibrosus in a vertebral disc.
- This can be caused by trauma.
Differences in Male and Female Skeletons
- There are certain differences in the skeletal structure of males and females. Some of these include the overall size and shape of the pelvis, sacrum, and pubic angle. Typically, the female pelvis is wider, and there is a difference in the pubic angle which is more rounded in the female and more pointed in the male.
Changes Throughout Age
- The skeleton goes through changes throughout an individual's life, from the fetal stage to adulthood.
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