7/4 Science: Cardiovascular System Study Guide

Questions and Answers

List the 3 parts of the cardiovascular system.

Heart, Blood Vessels, & Blood

Know 3 functions of the cardiovascular system.

Provides cells with oxygen & nutrients, Helps dispose of metabolic wastes, Helps fight infection

How many liters of blood are in the human body?

5 liters

Compare the blood flow of 3 types of circulation: coronary, pulmonary, systemic.

Coronary circulation involves blood flow in the heart muscle, pulmonary circulation involves blood flow between the heart and lungs, and systemic circulation delivers blood throughout the body. Signup and view all the answers

How many chambers does the human heart have?

4 Signup and view all the answers

Why does the left side of the heart pump six times harder than the right side?

The left side has to pump blood throughout the body. Signup and view all the answers

Identify the largest artery in the human body.

Aorta Signup and view all the answers

List and describe the 3 types of blood vessels (A > C > V).

Veins are thinner and take blood back to the heart. Signup and view all the answers

Why are arteries thicker than veins?

So they can withstand the pressure. Signup and view all the answers

Why is the capillary only one layer thick?

So it can perform diffusion. Signup and view all the answers

Explain why veins have valves, but arteries do not.

Veins have valves to prevent the back flow of blood. Signup and view all the answers

How many miles of blood vessels are in the human body?

60,000 Signup and view all the answers

What is a normal blood pressure?

120/80 or lower Signup and view all the answers

Why does your pulse rate increase with physical activity?

Your heart speeds up to pump extra nutrients & oxygen to the muscles. Signup and view all the answers

Know the 4 components of blood.

Erythrocytes (red blood cells), Leukocytes (white blood cells), Thrombocytes (platelets), Plasma Signup and view all the answers

Why is plasma 90% water?

So blood cells can be transported through arteries & veins. Signup and view all the answers

How do platelets keep a severed blood vessel from continuously bleeding?

Helps in clotting the blood; they rush to the site and form a plug. Signup and view all the answers

How are cardiovascular & skeletal systems interrelated?

Red bone marrow in the bones produces red blood cells. Signup and view all the answers

Why does a red blood cell have 300 million hemoglobin molecules on it?

So oxygen can stick to it. Signup and view all the answers

How many white blood cells are there for every 500-1000 red blood cells?

1 white blood cell Signup and view all the answers

Identify the proteins made by erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.

Erythrocytes produce hemoglobin, Leukocytes produce antibodies, Platelets produce Fibrin. Signup and view all the answers

Describe hypertension & the lifestyle choices that contribute to it.

Hypertension is abnormally high blood pressure; contributing factors include smoking, obesity, and lack of physical activity. Signup and view all the answers

Describe atherosclerosis & the lifestyle choices that contribute to it.

Atherosclerosis is characterized by plaque deposition in arteries; contributing factors include high blood pressure and smoking. Signup and view all the answers

How are the digestive & respiratory systems related to the cardiovascular system?

They interrelate for gas exchange; the cardiovascular system transports oxygen and nutrients produced by the digestive system. Signup and view all the answers

Name the main organs of the respiratory system.

Lungs, trachea, bronchi, and diaphragm. Signup and view all the answers

Know the 2 functions of the respiratory system.

To take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide. Signup and view all the answers

What is the pathway air takes to get into the lungs?

Pharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Bronchus → Bronchiole → Alveolus → Lung. Signup and view all the answers

Identify the flap of tissue that covers the trachea to prevent us from choking.

Epiglottis Signup and view all the answers

Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs?

In the alveoli, between the alveoli and capillaries. Signup and view all the answers

What is the process that enables body cells to burn food and release energy?

Respiration Signup and view all the answers

How many alveoli are in each lung?

350 Signup and view all the answers

What could our lungs cover if spread one layer thick?

A tennis court Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of breathing through your nose?

Filters Signup and view all the answers

How many breaths do we take per minute?

12-20 times per minute Signup and view all the answers

Describe the mechanics of breathing (inhalation & exhalation).

When you inhale, the diaphragm contracts and moves downward; when you exhale, the diaphragm expands and moves up. Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for your throat?

Pharynx Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for your voice box?

Larynx Signup and view all the answers

Why is the surface area of the lungs so great?

Human lungs have a large surface area for efficient gas exchange. Signup and view all the answers

How are the respiratory and circulatory systems interrelated?

They work together to circulate blood and oxygen throughout the body. Signup and view all the answers

Identify some respiratory conditions/diseases.

Asthma, pneumonia, emphysema, lung cancer. Signup and view all the answers

List the main organs of the digestive system.

Salivary glands, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Rectum, Accessory organs (liver, gallbladder, pancreas). Signup and view all the answers

List the 3 major functions of the digestive system.

Break down food, remove waste from the body, and provide nutrients & energy. Signup and view all the answers

About how long is our digestive tract?

About 33 feet long Signup and view all the answers

What is the pathway food takes from the mouth to the anus?

Mouth → Esophagus → Stomach → Small Intestine → Large Intestine (Colon) → Rectum → Anus. Signup and view all the answers

Where does digestion begin?

In the mouth. Signup and view all the answers

Compare chemical & mechanical digestion. Where do they occur?

Mechanical digestion involves physically breaking down food; chemical digestion involves breaking it down into simpler nutrients. Signup and view all the answers

Explain why we can do a handstand and digestion (peristalsis) will still continue.

It is due to the pulling action involved in the swallow itself, an involuntary muscular contraction. Signup and view all the answers

How often is the mucus lining the stomach wall replaced?

Every 3 days Signup and view all the answers

Why is the stomach lined with mucus?

To protect the stomach from stomach acids. Signup and view all the answers

How big is your stomach?

About the size of your fist. Signup and view all the answers

How does the small intestine's length (21 feet) help with absorption of nutrients?

Its length increases surface area for better nutrient absorption. Signup and view all the answers

What in the small intestine contain capillaries, which take nutrients to the bloodstream?

Villi Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the large intestine?

To absorb water from the remaining indigestible food matter and transmit waste from the body. Signup and view all the answers

How are the digestive & circulatory systems related?

The digestive system gives the blood nutrients to circulate around the body. Signup and view all the answers

Know the reactants and products of cellular respiration.

Reactants: Oxygen and glucose; Products: ATP, carbon dioxide, and water. Signup and view all the answers

What organelle in our body cells perform cellular respiration?

Mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cardiovascular System

Key components include the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
Primary functions: supplying oxygen and nutrients, disposing of metabolic wastes, and fighting infections.
Average blood volume in a human body is approximately 5 liters.

Types of Circulation

Coronary Circulation: Blood flow specifically to the heart muscle.
Pulmonary Circulation: Transfers deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart.
Systemic Circulation: Delivers oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

Heart Structure and Function

The human heart has 4 chambers (2 atria and 2 ventricles).
The left side of the heart pumps blood with significantly more force to supply the entire body.
The largest artery in the body is the aorta.

Blood Vessels

Arteries: Thicker walls, carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, can withstand high pressure.
Capillaries: Smallest blood vessels, site of gas exchange; their thin walls enable easy diffusion of gases and nutrients.
Veins: Thinner walls, carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart, contain valves to prevent backflow.

Blood Composition

Blood consists of erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), thrombocytes (platelets), and plasma.
Plasma is 90% water, aiding in nutrient transport and maintaining fluid balance.

Platelets and Clotting

Platelets initiate blood clotting by aggregating at injury sites to prevent excessive bleeding.

Relationships with Other Systems

Bone marrow produces red blood cells, highlighting the link between skeletal and cardiovascular systems.
Hemoglobin molecules on red blood cells facilitate oxygen transport.

Health Conditions

Hypertension: High blood pressure linked to lifestyle factors like diet, exercise, and stress.
Atherosclerosis: Fatty plaque buildup in arteries can lead to heart disease.

Respiratory System

Main organs include the lungs, trachea, bronchi, and diaphragm.
Functions of respiration: intake of oxygen and expulsion of carbon dioxide.
Air pathway: Pharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Bronchus → Bronchiole → Alveolus → Lung.

Gas Exchange

Occurs between alveoli and capillaries in the lungs, enabling oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide removal.

Breathing Mechanics

Inhalation involves diaphragm contraction, while exhalation is characterized by diaphragm relaxation and upward movement.

Digestive System

Key organs: salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas.
Major functions include breaking down food, nutrient absorption, and waste elimination.

Digestion Process

Begins in the mouth and involves both mechanical (physical breakdown) and chemical (nutrient conversion) digestion.
The digestive tract is approximately 33 feet long.

Nutrient Absorption

The small intestine's inner folds, lined with villi, enhance nutrient absorption through increased surface area.

Cellular Respiration

Takes place primarily in mitochondria; requires oxygen and glucose to produce ATP, with carbon dioxide and water as waste products.

Interrelation of Systems

The cardiovascular system circulates nutrients from digestion and oxygen from respiration throughout the body, illustrating an interconnected bodily function.

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Description

Test your knowledge of the cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive systems with this study guide flashcard quiz. Each card covers essential facts and functions, including the components of the cardiovascular system and its vital roles in the human body.