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Questions and Answers

What is one consequence of the Founder Effect in isolated populations?

  • Increased genetic diversity due to immigration.
  • Common genetic traits shared among individuals. (correct)
  • Decreased population size leading to higher mutation rates.
  • Greater susceptibility to environmental changes.

In the context of genetic drift, what primarily affects small populations compared to larger ones?

  • Decrease in average fitness over generations. (correct)
  • Higher levels of natural selection pressure.
  • Reduction in the overall mutation rate.
  • Increased chances of novel mutations appearing.

Why might inbreeding negatively affect genetic diversity in a population?

  • It leads to more robust offspring due to familiar genes.
  • It enhances adaptive traits within the population.
  • It promotes the introduction of new alleles.
  • It increases homozygosity, reducing genetic variation. (correct)

What aspect of population genetics can contribute to an observable prevalence of asthma among Islanders?

<p>Genetic predisposition stemming from common ancestry. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'haplogroup' refer to in population genetics?

<p>A genetic lineage defined by specific mutations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of genetic drift influence population genetics?

<p>It reduces allele frequencies due to random sampling. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What scenario exemplifies the founder effect in population genetics?

<p>A small group leaves a larger population to establish a new colony. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key relationship between inbreeding and genetic diversity?

<p>Inbreeding can lead to an increase in homozygosity among individuals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can isolated populations impact the genetic basis of complex traits?

<p>They limit the genetic variations available for selection. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best reflects the importance of studying human migration in relation to genetic diversity?

<p>It can explain how genetic variations accumulate over time. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does high genetic variability in a population indicate?

<p>Greater resilience to environmental changes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of genetic drift in small populations?

<p>Random loss of alleles from the gene pool. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does inbreeding play in affecting the health of isolated populations?

<p>It often results in inbreeding depression and reduced fitness. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the high level of inbreeding among the Tristan da Cunha population?

<p>Limited genetic variation due to isolation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which effect illustrates the genetic phenomena seen in Tristan da Cunha's population due to its founding ancestors?

<p>Founder Effect (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many total ancestors contributed to the current population of Tristan da Cunha?

<p>15 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the nine Y-chromosome haplotypes found in the population?

<p>Most can be traced back to founding surnames. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which haplogroup represents ancestry from south-western Europe within Tristan da Cunha's population?

<p>Haplogroup I (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an implication of the high degree of relatedness among the islanders?

<p>Higher chance of genetic disorders (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does genetic drift play in the evolution of isolated population like Tristan da Cunha?

<p>Randomly changing allele frequencies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which surnames represent the diverse ancestry of Tristan da Cunha's founders?

<p>Glass, Hagan, Lavarello, Rogers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Founder Effect

A phenomenon where a new population is established by a small number of individuals, leading to a reduced genetic diversity in the new population.

Haplotype

A group of genes that are inherited together on a chromosome.

Haplogroup

A group of similar haplotypes.

Genealogy

The study of family history and relationships.

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Asthma prevalence in Islanders

23% of a small island population have asthma. Another 57% show asthma symptoms, suggesting shared genetic predispositions.

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Tristan da Cunha

An isolated island population with a very small number of ancestors.

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Inbreeding

Mating between closely related individuals.

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Y-chromosome haplotypes

Set of genetic variations on the Y chromosome, useful in tracing paternal lineages.

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Founder Effect Example

Tristan da Cunha population shows evidence of the founder effect due to its small and isolated ancestry from the 1800s and 1900s.

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Genetic Diversity

The range of different genetic variations or traits present within a population or species.

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8 male and 7 female ancestors

The Tristan de Cunha settlement was founded by 15 individuals (8 men and 7 women).

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Molecular Genetics and Evolution

The use of molecular techniques, such as DNA sequencing, to study evolutionary relationships and understand how species have changed over time.

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Phylogeny

The evolutionary history of a group of organisms, showing their relationships and ancestry.

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DNA Sequencing and Ancestry

The process of determining the order of nucleotides in a DNA sequence, which can be used to reconstruct the evolutionary history of individuals and populations.

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Isolated Populations and Genetics

Studying isolated populations can reveal valuable insights into the genetic basis of traits, as they often have unique genetic variations.

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Comparative Anatomy

The study of anatomical features and structures of different organisms to understand their evolutionary relationships.

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Fossil Evidence

The remains or traces of past life forms, providing direct evidence of evolutionary history.

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Molecular Clock

The idea that DNA mutations accumulate at a relatively constant rate, allowing scientists to estimate the time since two species diverged.

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Neanderthal and Human Ancestry

The study of the evolutionary relationship between Neanderthals and modern humans, examining their shared and distinct genetic characteristics.

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Study Notes

L2 Fundamental Topics in Biology - Evolutionary Genetics

  • Topic: Evolutionary Genetics
  • Date: Thursday 3rd October 2024
  • Lecturer: Kevin O'Dell

Key Questions

  • Question 1: How can a molecular genetic approach assist in understanding evolution and phylogeny?
  • Question 2: What information about the ancestors of modern humans can DNA sequencing provide?
  • Question 3: How do isolated populations offer insights into the genetic underpinnings of complex diseases?

1: Human Evolutionary Genetics

  • Darwin's Works: The Descent of Man, volumes I and II were mentioned.

Comparative Anatomy

  • Shared Traits: Humans and apes share anatomical features like large brains, upright posture, and adaptable limbs (hips, ankles, wrists, thumbs).
  • Image: A chimpanzee and a picture of a former US President were used as visual aids.

Fossil Evidence

  • Evolutionary Timeline: The provided diagram illustrates various hominin species with their approximated timeframes.
  • Uncertainty: Some areas of the evolutionary timeline display uncertainty in branching.

The Molecular Clock

  • DNA Differences: Differences in DNA sequences between species reflect evolutionary divergence across time.
  • Time Scale: The diagram visually represents the accumulation of DNA differences over time, estimating the passage of millions of years with each mutation.

Ape DNA Tree

  • Time Scale: The ape DNA tree diagram visually depicts the evolutionary relationships among different ape species over time using a timescale in millions of years ago.
  • Species: The illustration highlights the relationship between humans and Neanderthals, chimpanzees, bonobos, and gorillas, along with the time duration of their shared lineage.

Sequencing DNA is Easy!

  • Cost-effectiveness: DNA sequencing has become significantly more affordable, as indicated by a cost of £1000 for a genome.
  • Time efficiency: The process can now be completed within a few hours, with specific analyses within a few days.

2: The Genetics of Our Ancestors

  • Ancient Coexistence: Neanderthals and modern humans coexisted in Europe until approximately 30,000 years ago.
  • Species Question: The presentation raises queries on whether humans and Neanderthals were distinct species.

100,000 Years Ago

  • Geographical Distribution: The map displays the location of Homo neanderthalensis in Europe, Homo erectus distribution in Asia, and the presence of Homo sapiens in Africa.

25,000 Years Ago

  • Geographical Distribution: The map shows the geographical distribution of Homo sapiens.

Neanderthal Evolution

  • Timeline: The study highlights key evolutionary milestones of Neanderthals including their genomic coalescence time, ancestral human split, the evolution of modern humans in Europe, and the latest Neanderthal remains found.

Human Migration

  • Pattern: A map shows the migratory routes of early humans out of Africa, and approximately when they first left Africa as indicated with time periods.

Human Variation

  • Chimp Variation: Chimpanzees have more genetic variation compared to human populations.

Sequencing Ancient DNA

  • Oetzi the Iceman: Analysis of Oetzi, a 5300-year-old Iceman mummy, suggests a violent death.

New Species of Human?

  • Fossil Locations: The presentation features map locations including Denisova, Caune de l'Arago, and others, illustrating the geographical range of fossil findings.

10,000 Years of British Ancestry

  • Migration Trends: The maps delineate the movement patterns of various groups during different historical periods in Britain.

British Ancestry and Genetics

  • Genetic Studies: Studies such as ones by Leslie et al (2015) are highlighted for analysis on ancestry through genetic traits.

Shared DNA by Descent

  • Relationship Analysis: The table provides a percentage range for the shared DNA among different relatives from identical twins to fifth cousins.

Ethnicity vs Nationality

  • Historical Partition: Discusses the historical partition of India and subsequent migration patterns to Scotland.
  • DNA Testing: Research highlighted the use of DNA tests to determine genetic differences among individuals.

3: The Founder Effect and Medicine

  • Tristan da Cunha: The most isolated population on Earth is mentioned.
  • Population History: A history of the small population who originally settled this geographically isolated location is discussed.
  • Founder Effect Case Study: This small foundational population is examined for evidence of the Founder Effect.

Founder Effect: Asthma

  • Islander Asthma Prevalence: A significant proportion of islanders are affected by asthma.

Evolutionary Medicine

  • Genetic Similarities: The presentation points out a high probability that islanders share genetic predispositions.

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