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Questions and Answers
What characterizes domus in Roman architecture?
What characterizes domus in Roman architecture?
What was the primary influence on urban design during the feudal period?
What was the primary influence on urban design during the feudal period?
Which architectural principle influenced Canberra's design?
Which architectural principle influenced Canberra's design?
How did the decline of Roman power affect town development in Europe?
How did the decline of Roman power affect town development in Europe?
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Who won the design competition for Canberra in 1901?
Who won the design competition for Canberra in 1901?
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Which class became prominent alongside the Church during urban development?
Which class became prominent alongside the Church during urban development?
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What was the main axis in the Master Plan for New Delhi?
What was the main axis in the Master Plan for New Delhi?
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What impact did population growth have on cities during the Renaissance?
What impact did population growth have on cities during the Renaissance?
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What was the density type envisioned for New Delhi?
What was the density type envisioned for New Delhi?
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What architectural feature was emphasized in Renaissance town planning?
What architectural feature was emphasized in Renaissance town planning?
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What concept did Le Corbusier first propose in relation to high density living?
What concept did Le Corbusier first propose in relation to high density living?
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What was the original number of dwellings in Le Corbusier's Unite d’ Habitation?
What was the original number of dwellings in Le Corbusier's Unite d’ Habitation?
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What was a common characteristic of the new towns emerging in the 11th century?
What was a common characteristic of the new towns emerging in the 11th century?
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What population was Le Contemporaine designed to accommodate?
What population was Le Contemporaine designed to accommodate?
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What role did the arts and architecture play in 15th century France?
What role did the arts and architecture play in 15th century France?
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What was a prominent feature of Le Corbusier's urban planning approach?
What was a prominent feature of Le Corbusier's urban planning approach?
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Which city became known as the first 'university town'?
Which city became known as the first 'university town'?
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What was a characteristic feature of early American towns?
What was a characteristic feature of early American towns?
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Which movement emphasized building from scratch to improve living conditions?
Which movement emphasized building from scratch to improve living conditions?
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What type of layout did the Medieval Bastides typically follow?
What type of layout did the Medieval Bastides typically follow?
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Who designed the planned city of Philadelphia, representing the American Speculator’s Town?
Who designed the planned city of Philadelphia, representing the American Speculator’s Town?
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What type of city was characterized by wide, regular streets and a central piazza?
What type of city was characterized by wide, regular streets and a central piazza?
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What shift did the Industrial Revolution signify?
What shift did the Industrial Revolution signify?
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Which of the following was NOT a feature of the reform movements during the Industrial Revolution?
Which of the following was NOT a feature of the reform movements during the Industrial Revolution?
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What was Frank Lloyd Wright's proposal for housing Manhattan residents?
What was Frank Lloyd Wright's proposal for housing Manhattan residents?
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Which technological advancement significantly contributed to the growth of large cities in recent times?
Which technological advancement significantly contributed to the growth of large cities in recent times?
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Who conceptualized the neighborhood unit?
Who conceptualized the neighborhood unit?
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What term describes the merging of two or more metropolises with a population of at least 10 million?
What term describes the merging of two or more metropolises with a population of at least 10 million?
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What is the primary purpose of the neighborhood unit?
What is the primary purpose of the neighborhood unit?
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Which of the following is NOT a factor frequently cited for the growth of very large cities?
Which of the following is NOT a factor frequently cited for the growth of very large cities?
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Which of the following was proposed by Soria Y Mata?
Which of the following was proposed by Soria Y Mata?
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What was a key feature of the Barbican Development?
What was a key feature of the Barbican Development?
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What did the Industrial Revolution primarily generate that contributed to urban growth?
What did the Industrial Revolution primarily generate that contributed to urban growth?
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Which city had the largest population around 900 A.D.?
Which city had the largest population around 900 A.D.?
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In terms of hierarchy, which settlement comes after small village?
In terms of hierarchy, which settlement comes after small village?
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What is 'Arcology' primarily aimed at?
What is 'Arcology' primarily aimed at?
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Which of the following city pairings represents a megalopolis?
Which of the following city pairings represents a megalopolis?
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What was a significant issue criticized in high-density living proposals?
What was a significant issue criticized in high-density living proposals?
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Which population is the largest among the leading world cities in 1900?
Which population is the largest among the leading world cities in 1900?
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Which of the following cities had a population close to 1.5 million in 1900?
Which of the following cities had a population close to 1.5 million in 1900?
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Study Notes
Roman Cities
- The Romans focused on functional and practical urban design.
- They built infrastructure, including basilicas, law courts, curias, and domus.
- Insulae were apartment complexes with storefronts, reaching up to 6 stories.
Medieval Towns
- Roman decline led to city growth around fortifications and monasteries.
- Feudalism significantly influenced medieval urban design.
- The Church became increasingly prominent, with examples like Constantinople and Sienna.
Classical Cities
- Towns were intimate with winding roads and views of churches or fortifications.
- Expansion was limited by resources, but not by land.
- The 11th century saw the growth of coastal port towns in Europe.
- Mercantilist cities grew in size, while feudal lords declined.
- Merchant wealth created a new elite class alongside the nobility and clergy.
- Global trade led to population booms in cities like Florence, Paris, and Venice.
Renaissance and Baroque
- 15th-century French kings improved cities to showcase wealth and power.
- Arts and architecture became key in urban planning.
- Geometric city plans were proposed by Vasari and G. Maggi.
- Karlsruhe and Versailles featured gardens as central design elements.
- Vienna became a hub for culture and the arts, the first "university town."
Cities in the Americas
- Early American towns were colonial outposts focused on trade.
- Medieval organic cities, inspired by "boug" and "fauborg," had no regular street patterns.
- French bastides were new towns built in regular grid-like patterns around river valleys.
- English Renaissance towns, like Annapolis, Williamsburg, Charleston, and Savannah, emphasized planned design.
- Speculator towns, like Philadelphia by William Penn, promoted equality and a rectangular grid system.
Industrial Revolution
- The Industrial Revolution marked a shift to factory production.
- Reform movements aimed to improve worker living conditions.
- Specialists focused on individual improvements like sanitation.
- Robert Owen proposed an ideal city with a large scale application of Radburn principles.
Canberra, Australia
- A design competition in 1901 selected Walter Griffin's plan.
- The city was designed with a triangular formation, incorporating the Court of Justice, Parliament House, and the Capitol Building.
- The design reflected the City Beautiful movement, with each building point connected to another important building or monument.
New Delhi, India
- Sir Edward Lutyens designed New Delhi based on a 1.5-mile east-west Kingsway axis.
- The Government house sits on a hilltop in the west, with a hexagonal space for palaces to the east.
- The planned area spans 2650 hectares, initially envisioned for a low-density, garden-city type population of 57,000.
High-Density Living
- Le Corbusier proposed high-density living in tall structures to address urban congestion and the need for open space.
- His Unite d’Habitation in Marseilles was a "super building" with 337 dwellings in ten acres.
- Le Corbusier also planned Le Contemporaine, a futuristic city with 3 million residents.
- The plan featured high-rise office and residential buildings, a greenbelt for institutions and recreation, and industrial areas.
Frank Lloyd Wright
- Broadacres: Wright proposed every family in the U.S. live on one acre in a self-sufficient city.
- The Mile-High Tower: To alleviate congestion in Manhattan, Wright proposed a mile-high building to house residents, freeing up space for greenfields.
Radical City Ideas
- The Linear City by Soria Y Mata, a long, narrow city along a transportation route.
- The Arcology by Paolo Soleri, a three-dimensional city integrating architecture and ecology.
- The Floating City by Kiyonori Kikutake, a city built on platforms in the sea.
- The Barbican Development: An early example of a planned development with amenities and multi-level circular patterns.
The Neighborhood Unit
- Clarence Perry and Clarence Stein developed the neighborhood unit, an environment where social, cultural, educational, and commercial activities are accessible.
- The ideal neighborhood unit was not intended to segregate individuals by race, religion, or income.
- The elementary school served as the development center, and neighborhood size was determined by the school's capacity.
Global Urbanization
- Pre-20th century, only a few cities were considered "millionaire cities" with populations exceeding one million.
- Baghdad, Changan, Constantinople, Kyoto, and Cordova were some of the first large cities in the 9th century.
- The Industrial Revolution fueled job creation, productivity, and urban growth.
- Transportation advancements further increased factory output and supported urban expansion.
- Large cities require complex systems to employ, feed, and house residents.
- Steel construction technology and the electric elevator played vital roles in supporting very large city growth.
Urban Hierarchy
- Human settlements are categorized based on size and function: Hamlet, neighborhood, small village, community/town, city, metropolis.
- A conurbation combines cities, metropolises, and urban areas.
- A megalopolis is a merging of two or more metropolises with at least 10 million people.
Key Examples of Megalopolises
- Boston-New York-Philadelphia-Washington (United States)
- San Diego-Los Angeles-San Francisco (United States)
- Dortmund-Essen-Düsseldorf (Germany)
- The Hague-Rotterdam-Amsterdam (Netherlands)
- Tokyo-Yokohama-Nagoya-Osaka-Kobe (Japan)
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