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Questions and Answers
What is the difference between constant and variable components in hydrometeorology?
What is the difference between constant and variable components in hydrometeorology?
- Constant components vary over time, while variable components remain the same.
- Constant components are only observed in the atmosphere, and variable components are exclusive to water bodies.
- Constant components fluctuate with weather patterns, whereas variable components are stable.
- Constant components have proportions that remain the same, while variable components amounts vary. (correct)
What altitude range corresponds to the stratosphere in the Earth's atmosphere?
What altitude range corresponds to the stratosphere in the Earth's atmosphere?
- 80-300 km
- 45-80 km
- 0-10 km
- 10-45 km (correct)
Which of the following is NOT an application of hydrometeorology?
Which of the following is NOT an application of hydrometeorology?
- Irrigation system design
- Study of precipitation and evaporation
- Development of machine learning algorithms (correct)
- Flood and drought problem analysis
Which process is crucial for creating effective cropping calendars in hydrometeorology?
Which process is crucial for creating effective cropping calendars in hydrometeorology?
What contributes to the determination of suitable cropping systems in hydrometeorology?
What contributes to the determination of suitable cropping systems in hydrometeorology?
Flashcards
Reservoir Residence Time
Reservoir Residence Time
The average time a water molecule stays in a reservoir.
Constant Components
Constant Components
Components of the atmosphere (or other mixtures) with fixed proportions.
Variable Components
Variable Components
Components of the atmosphere (or other mixtures) whose proportions change.
Hydrometeorology Applications
Hydrometeorology Applications
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Atmospheric Layers
Atmospheric Layers
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Study Notes
Introduction to Hydrometeorology
- Hydrometeorology is the study of the Earth's waters and the atmosphere.
- Hydrology is the study of the Earth's waters, including their occurrence, circulation, distribution, properties, and reaction with the environment.
- Meteorology is the study of the atmosphere.
Sources of Water
- Atmospheric water: Precipitation
- Surface water: Lakes, rivers, seas, oceans
- Subsurface water: Groundwater
Waters of the Earth
- World water supply (fresh and saline): 97.5% saline, 2.5% fresh
- World water supply (fresh only): 0.4% lakes, rivers, etc., 30.9% groundwater, 68.7% snow and ice
Residence Time
- Reservoir: A term describing the time a water molecule stays in a certain body or area. Measuring the time a water molecule spends in a certain reservoir.
- Oceans: 1370 km³ x 10,000,000, 97.25%, 40 years
- Ice Caps and Glaciers: 29 km³ x 10,000,000, 2.05%, 40 years
- Groundwater: 9.5 km³ x 10,000,000, 0.68%, 200 (shallow) / 10,000 (deep) years
- Lakes: 0.125 km³ x 10,000,000, 0.01%, 100 years
- Soil Moisture: 0.065 km³ x 10,000,000, 0.005%, 100 years
- Atmosphere: 0,013 km³ x 10,000,000, 0.001%, 0.2 years
- Streams and Rivers: 0.0017 km³ x 10,000,000, 0.0001%, 0.04 years
- Biosphere: 0.0006 km³ x 10,000,000, 0.00004%, ——- years
Earth's Atmosphere
- An envelope of gases surrounding the Earth, held by gravity
- Composed of clean dry air, water vapor, and impurities
Composition of Earth's Atmosphere
- Constant Components (always the same): Nitrogen (78.08%), Oxygen (20.95%), Argon (0.93%), Neon, Helium, Krypton (trace)
- Variable Components (vary): Water vapor (0-4%), Carbon dioxide (0.039%), Methane (trace), Sulfur dioxide (trace), Ozone (trace), Nitrogen oxides (trace)
Water Vapor
- Changes phase easily (solid, liquid, gas)
- 0-4% by volume
- Important for heat transfer in the atmosphere
- Less abundant in polar regions compared to equatorial regions
Layers of the Atmosphere
- Troposphere: Weather and climate occur here (ground level to 10 km)
- Stratosphere: 10 to 50 km
- Mesosphere: 50 to 90 km
- Thermosphere: 90 to 120 km
- Exosphere: >120 km
Hydrologic Cycle
- Deals with water storage, movement/transport, and transformation on Earth.
- The cycle is not continuous or steady, with erratic movement.
- Drought, torrential rains, and El Niño/La Niña episodes are examples of variability.
Components of the Hydrologic Cycle
- Water storage: Atmosphere (water vapor), Soil (soil moisture), Surface water (seas, oceans, streams, lakes, wetlands), Plants and animals, Groundwater
- Water transport: Evaporation, Transpiration, Precipitation, Runoff, Infiltration, Groundwater flow
- Water transformation: Liquid to gas (evaporation, transpiration), Gas to liquid (precipitation), Gas to solid (solid forms of precipitation), Solid to liquid (snowmelt)
- Key components: evaporation, evapotranspiration, precipitation, infiltration, runoff/streamflow, groundwater
Applications of Hydrometeorology
- Studying processes like precipitation, runoff, and evaporation
- Addressing problems like floods and droughts
- Weather forecasting
- Cropping calendar preparation
- Determining suitable cropping systems
- Irrigation design
- Dam, culvert, and reservoir construction
- Soil conservation practice design
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