Podcast
Questions and Answers
Study Notes
U.S. States and Capitals
- Maine: Augusta
- New Hampshire: Concord
- Massachusetts: Boston
- Rhode Island: Providence
- Connecticut: Hartford
- Vermont: Montpelier
- New York: Albany
- New Jersey: Trenton
- Pennsylvania: Harrisburg
- Delaware: Dover
- Maryland: Annapolis
- Virginia: Richmond
- West Virginia: Charleston
- North Carolina: Raleigh
- South Carolina: Columbia
- Georgia: Augusta
- Florida: Tallahassee
- Alabama: Montgomery
- Mississippi: Jackson
- Louisiana: Baton Rouge
- Michigan: Lansing
- Ohio: Columbus
- Indiana: Indianapolis
- Kentucky: Frankfort
- Tennessee: Nashville
- Wisconsin: Madison
- Illinois: Springfield
- Iowa: Des Moines
- Missouri: Jefferson City
- Arkansas: Little Rock
- Minnesota: St. Paul
- North Dakota: Bismarck
- South Dakota: Pierre
- Wyoming: Cheyenne
- Nebraska: Lincoln
- Kansas: Topeka
- Oklahoma: Oklahoma City
- Texas: Austin
- Colorado: Denver
- New Mexico: Santa Fe
- Utah: Salt Lake City
- Arizona: Phoenix
- Nevada: Carson City
- California: Sacramento
- Hawaii: Honolulu
- Montana: Helena
- Idaho: Boise
- Washington: Olympia
- Oregon: Salem
- Alaska: Juneau
- United States Capital: Washington D.C.
Geographic Features
- Northern Appalachian Mountains include White Mountains, Green Mountains, Adirondack Mountains, and Allegheny Mountains.
- Southern Appalachian Mountains consist of The Great Valley, Blue Ridge Mountains, Great Smoky Mountains, Cumberland Mountains, and Mt. Mitchell.
- Western Mountains feature Rocky Mountains, Pikes Peak, Sierra Nevadas, Mt. Whitney, and Mt. Elbert.
- Northwest Mountains have Cascade Mountains, Mt. Rainier, Mt. St. Helens, and Denali.
- Great Lakes include Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario.
- Notable Bays are Chesapeake Bay, Hudson Bay, San Francisco Bay, Puget Sound, and Pamlico Sound.
- Significant Rivers (East) are St. Lawrence, Ohio, Mississippi, Missouri, and Arkansas.
- Notable Rivers (West) include Colorado, Red, Rio Grande, Great Salt Lake, and Columbia.
- Major Trails are Cumberland Road, Santa Fe Trail, Mormon Trail, Gila Trail, Old Spanish Trail, California Trail, and Oregon Trail.
- Important Canals are Erie Canal, Pennsylvania Canal, Chesapeake & Ohio, Ohio & Erie, and Miami & Erie.
- Diverse terrains include Eastern Woodlands, Plains, Plateau, Northwest Coast, California, Great Basin, Southwest.
- Deserts such as Mohave, Sonoran, Colorado, Painted, and Great Salt Lake are significant.
- Prominent Natural Features include the Grand Canyon, Black Hills, Ozark Highlands, Okefenokee Swamp, Olympic Rain Forest, and Niagara Falls.
- Additional notable features are the Mississippi River Delta, Mammoth Cave, San Andreas Fault, Gulf of Mexico, and Death Valley.
Biology Concepts
- Four types of tissue: Connective, Epithelial, Muscle, Nerve.
- Axial skeleton includes Cranium, Vertebrae, Ribs, and Sternum.
- Three kinds of muscle: Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac.
- Nervous system parts: Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves.
- Five main senses: Sight, Hearing, Taste, Smell, Touch.
- Digestive system consists of Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Liver, Small Intestine, Large Intestine.
- Excretory system components: Urinary Tract, Lungs, Skin, Intestines.
- Circulatory system includes Heart, Arteries, Veins, Capillaries, Red & White Blood Cells, Platelets.
- Lymphatic system consists of Lymph Vessels, Lymph Nodes, Spleen, Thymus.
- Respiratory system parts: Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli, Lungs.
- Endocrine system comprises glands and organs that send hormone messages through the bloodstream.
Chemistry Concepts
- Major purposes of blood: Transportation, Protection, Communication, Regulation.
- Atomic number signifies the number of protons and electrons in a neutral atom.
- An element is defined by its atomic number and mass.
- Parts of an atom: Nucleus, Protons, Electrons, Quarks, Leptons, Neutrons.
- First four elements in the periodic table:
- 1 Hydrogen (H) - mass 1
- 2 Helium (He) - mass 4
- 3 Lithium (Li) - mass 7
- 4 Beryllium (Be) - mass 9
- Subsequent elements:
- 5 Boron (B) - mass 11
- 6 Carbon (C) - mass 12
- 7 Nitrogen (N) - mass 14
- 8 Oxygen (O) - mass 16
- 9 Fluorine (F) - mass 19
- 10 Neon (Ne) - mass 20
- 11 Sodium (Na) - mass 23
- 12 Magnesium (Mg) - mass 24.
Philosophical Concepts
- "The heavens declare the glory of God; the skies proclaim the work of His hands." (Psalm 19:1).
- Theory of evolution suggests life began as a random combination of non-living things.
- Theory of intelligent design posits that life originated from intention and purpose.
Natural Selection & Acids/Bases
- Natural selection: the principle that the fittest survive and pass traits to offspring.
- Differentiate between acids and bases: acids donate hydrogen ions, bases accept hydrogen ions.
Grammar Concepts
- Infinitive structure: "TO" + VERB; functions as a noun, adjective, or adverb.
- Present participle: VERB + -ING; used as an adjective or verb.
- Past participle: VERB + -ED; used as an adjective or verb.
- Principal parts of a verb include infinitive, present, past, present participle, and past participle.
Specific Verbs and Their Forms
- to be:
- Infinitive: to be
- Present: am, are, is
- Past: was, were
- Present Participle: being
- Past Participle: been
- to do:
- Infinitive: to do
- Present: do, does
- Past: did
- Present Participle: doing
- Past Participle: done
- to rise:
- Infinitive: to rise
- Present: rise, rises
- Past: rose
- Present Participle: rising
- Past Participle: risen
- to raise:
- Infinitive: to raise
- Present: raise, raises
- Past: raised
- Present Participle: raising
- Past Participle: raised
- to lay:
- Infinitive: to lay
- Present: lay, lays
- Past: laid
- Present Participle: laying
- Past Participle: laid
- to lie:
- Infinitive: to lie
- Present: lie, lies
- Past: lay
- Present Participle: lying
- Past Participle: lain
- to set:
- Infinitive: to set
- Present: set, sets
- Past: set
- Present Participle: setting
- Past Participle: set
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