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U.S. States and Capitals

  • Maine: Augusta
  • New Hampshire: Concord
  • Massachusetts: Boston
  • Rhode Island: Providence
  • Connecticut: Hartford
  • Vermont: Montpelier
  • New York: Albany
  • New Jersey: Trenton
  • Pennsylvania: Harrisburg
  • Delaware: Dover
  • Maryland: Annapolis
  • Virginia: Richmond
  • West Virginia: Charleston
  • North Carolina: Raleigh
  • South Carolina: Columbia
  • Georgia: Augusta
  • Florida: Tallahassee
  • Alabama: Montgomery
  • Mississippi: Jackson
  • Louisiana: Baton Rouge
  • Michigan: Lansing
  • Ohio: Columbus
  • Indiana: Indianapolis
  • Kentucky: Frankfort
  • Tennessee: Nashville
  • Wisconsin: Madison
  • Illinois: Springfield
  • Iowa: Des Moines
  • Missouri: Jefferson City
  • Arkansas: Little Rock
  • Minnesota: St. Paul
  • North Dakota: Bismarck
  • South Dakota: Pierre
  • Wyoming: Cheyenne
  • Nebraska: Lincoln
  • Kansas: Topeka
  • Oklahoma: Oklahoma City
  • Texas: Austin
  • Colorado: Denver
  • New Mexico: Santa Fe
  • Utah: Salt Lake City
  • Arizona: Phoenix
  • Nevada: Carson City
  • California: Sacramento
  • Hawaii: Honolulu
  • Montana: Helena
  • Idaho: Boise
  • Washington: Olympia
  • Oregon: Salem
  • Alaska: Juneau
  • United States Capital: Washington D.C.

Geographic Features

  • Northern Appalachian Mountains include White Mountains, Green Mountains, Adirondack Mountains, and Allegheny Mountains.
  • Southern Appalachian Mountains consist of The Great Valley, Blue Ridge Mountains, Great Smoky Mountains, Cumberland Mountains, and Mt. Mitchell.
  • Western Mountains feature Rocky Mountains, Pikes Peak, Sierra Nevadas, Mt. Whitney, and Mt. Elbert.
  • Northwest Mountains have Cascade Mountains, Mt. Rainier, Mt. St. Helens, and Denali.
  • Great Lakes include Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario.
  • Notable Bays are Chesapeake Bay, Hudson Bay, San Francisco Bay, Puget Sound, and Pamlico Sound.
  • Significant Rivers (East) are St. Lawrence, Ohio, Mississippi, Missouri, and Arkansas.
  • Notable Rivers (West) include Colorado, Red, Rio Grande, Great Salt Lake, and Columbia.
  • Major Trails are Cumberland Road, Santa Fe Trail, Mormon Trail, Gila Trail, Old Spanish Trail, California Trail, and Oregon Trail.
  • Important Canals are Erie Canal, Pennsylvania Canal, Chesapeake & Ohio, Ohio & Erie, and Miami & Erie.
  • Diverse terrains include Eastern Woodlands, Plains, Plateau, Northwest Coast, California, Great Basin, Southwest.
  • Deserts such as Mohave, Sonoran, Colorado, Painted, and Great Salt Lake are significant.
  • Prominent Natural Features include the Grand Canyon, Black Hills, Ozark Highlands, Okefenokee Swamp, Olympic Rain Forest, and Niagara Falls.
  • Additional notable features are the Mississippi River Delta, Mammoth Cave, San Andreas Fault, Gulf of Mexico, and Death Valley.

Biology Concepts

  • Four types of tissue: Connective, Epithelial, Muscle, Nerve.
  • Axial skeleton includes Cranium, Vertebrae, Ribs, and Sternum.
  • Three kinds of muscle: Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac.
  • Nervous system parts: Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves.
  • Five main senses: Sight, Hearing, Taste, Smell, Touch.
  • Digestive system consists of Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Liver, Small Intestine, Large Intestine.
  • Excretory system components: Urinary Tract, Lungs, Skin, Intestines.
  • Circulatory system includes Heart, Arteries, Veins, Capillaries, Red & White Blood Cells, Platelets.
  • Lymphatic system consists of Lymph Vessels, Lymph Nodes, Spleen, Thymus.
  • Respiratory system parts: Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli, Lungs.
  • Endocrine system comprises glands and organs that send hormone messages through the bloodstream.

Chemistry Concepts

  • Major purposes of blood: Transportation, Protection, Communication, Regulation.
  • Atomic number signifies the number of protons and electrons in a neutral atom.
  • An element is defined by its atomic number and mass.
  • Parts of an atom: Nucleus, Protons, Electrons, Quarks, Leptons, Neutrons.
  • First four elements in the periodic table:
    • 1 Hydrogen (H) - mass 1
    • 2 Helium (He) - mass 4
    • 3 Lithium (Li) - mass 7
    • 4 Beryllium (Be) - mass 9
  • Subsequent elements:
    • 5 Boron (B) - mass 11
    • 6 Carbon (C) - mass 12
    • 7 Nitrogen (N) - mass 14
    • 8 Oxygen (O) - mass 16
    • 9 Fluorine (F) - mass 19
    • 10 Neon (Ne) - mass 20
    • 11 Sodium (Na) - mass 23
    • 12 Magnesium (Mg) - mass 24.

Philosophical Concepts

  • "The heavens declare the glory of God; the skies proclaim the work of His hands." (Psalm 19:1).
  • Theory of evolution suggests life began as a random combination of non-living things.
  • Theory of intelligent design posits that life originated from intention and purpose.

Natural Selection & Acids/Bases

  • Natural selection: the principle that the fittest survive and pass traits to offspring.
  • Differentiate between acids and bases: acids donate hydrogen ions, bases accept hydrogen ions.

Grammar Concepts

  • Infinitive structure: "TO" + VERB; functions as a noun, adjective, or adverb.
  • Present participle: VERB + -ING; used as an adjective or verb.
  • Past participle: VERB + -ED; used as an adjective or verb.
  • Principal parts of a verb include infinitive, present, past, present participle, and past participle.

Specific Verbs and Their Forms

  • to be:
    • Infinitive: to be
    • Present: am, are, is
    • Past: was, were
    • Present Participle: being
    • Past Participle: been
  • to do:
    • Infinitive: to do
    • Present: do, does
    • Past: did
    • Present Participle: doing
    • Past Participle: done
  • to rise:
    • Infinitive: to rise
    • Present: rise, rises
    • Past: rose
    • Present Participle: rising
    • Past Participle: risen
  • to raise:
    • Infinitive: to raise
    • Present: raise, raises
    • Past: raised
    • Present Participle: raising
    • Past Participle: raised
  • to lay:
    • Infinitive: to lay
    • Present: lay, lays
    • Past: laid
    • Present Participle: laying
    • Past Participle: laid
  • to lie:
    • Infinitive: to lie
    • Present: lie, lies
    • Past: lay
    • Present Participle: lying
    • Past Participle: lain
  • to set:
    • Infinitive: to set
    • Present: set, sets
    • Past: set
    • Present Participle: setting
    • Past Participle: set

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