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Questions and Answers

Which of the following functions is NOT performed by blood?

  • Regulating pH and ion balance
  • Clotting to prevent fluid loss
  • Transporting nutrients and waste products
  • Producing hormones (correct)

What is the primary component of plasma?

  • Water (correct)
  • Dissolved gases
  • Nutrients
  • White blood cells

Which condition could lead to an increased prothrombin time?

  • Dehydration
  • Increased platelet count
  • Vitamin K deficiency (correct)
  • Elevated red blood cell count

What is a key function of red blood cells?

<p>Transporting oxygen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which formed element is primarily responsible for clotting?

<p>Platelets (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of plasma is composed of dissolved substances?

<p>9% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total blood volume in an average adult?

<p>5 L (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following indicates a possible liver dysfunction?

<p>Increased bilirubin levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of blood?

<p>To deliver oxygen and remove wastes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component makes up about 55% of your total blood volume?

<p>Plasma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell in blood is responsible for oxygen transport?

<p>Erythrocytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the body's total weight does blood make up?

<p>8% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the positively charged cations found in blood plasma called?

<p>Electrolytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of platelets in blood?

<p>Help with blood clotting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the formed elements in blood?

<p>They include red blood cells and cell fragments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is considered the liquid matrix of blood?

<p>Plasma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of prothrombinase in the clotting process?

<p>It activates prothrombin to thrombin. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a complete blood count (CBC) typically include?

<p>Red blood cell count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit measurements. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range of red blood cells per microliter (μL) for a male?

<p>4.6–6.2 million cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is hemoglobin typically measured in blood?

<p>In grams per 100 mL of blood. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the hematocrit measurement indicate?

<p>The percentage of blood volume made up of red blood cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could an abnormally low hemoglobin measurement indicate?

<p>Anemia. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process allows the determination of hematocrit in a laboratory setting?

<p>Using a blood sample and a centrifuge. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes erythrocytosis?

<p>An overabundance of red blood cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Blood's primary function

Delivering oxygen and nutrients to, and removing wastes from, body cells.

Blood's secondary functions

Defense, heat distribution, and maintaining homeostasis.

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells that carry oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Leukocytes

White blood cells that are part of the body's defense system.

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Platelets

Cell fragments that help in blood clotting.

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Plasma

The liquid part of blood, about 55% of total blood volume.

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Formed elements

Cells and cell fragments (e.g., erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets) in blood.

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Blood volume (average adult)

Approximately 4-5 liters (females) and 5-6 liters (males).

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Blood clotting cascade

A series of reactions where clotting factors activate each other until prothrombinase is formed.

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Prothrombinase

A clotting factor that activates prothrombin.

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Prothrombin

An inactive clotting factor that's converted to thrombin.

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Thrombin

An active clotting factor that converts fibrinogen to fibrin.

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Fibrinogen

A plasma protein that's converted to fibrin during blood clotting.

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Red blood cell (RBC) count

The number of red blood cells in a microliter of blood.

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Hemoglobin

The protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen.

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Hematocrit

The percentage of blood volume made up of red blood cells.

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Prothrombin Time

A blood test measuring how long it takes blood to clot, and is reported as the International Normalized Ratio (INR).

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International Normalized Ratio (INR)

A standardized measure of prothrombin time, used to compare results from different labs.

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Thromboplastin

A chemical that initiates blood clotting from injured tissues.

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Blood Clotting Factors

Proteins necessary for blood to clot properly; a deficiency can lead to abnormal prothrombin time.

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Blood Plasma

Liquid portion of blood, composed mostly of water and dissolved substances.

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Blood Chemistry Tests

Tests that analyze the substances dissolved or suspended in blood plasma to assess bodily functions.

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Blood Function: Transport

Blood carries oxygen, nutrients, waste products, and hormones throughout the body.

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Blood Function: Regulation

Blood maintains pH, fluid balance, and ion levels, and also plays a role in temperature regulation.

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Study Notes

Blood Functions

  • Blood maintains homeostasis through several processes
  • Transport of gases, nutrients, and waste products: Oxygen is transported from lungs to cells, and carbon dioxide from cells to lungs. Nutrients and water are also transported and waste products are eliminated via the kidneys.
  • Transport of processed molecules: Many substances are produced in one part of the body and travel via the blood to another part for modification, like vitamin D precursors.
  • Transport of regulatory molecules: Hormones and enzymes regulate bodily processes throughout the body by transporting them.
  • Regulation of pH and osmosis: Buffers maintain blood pH (7.35-7.45). Osmolarity is also regulated for maintaining fluid and ion balance.
  • Maintenance of body temperature: Blood circulates throughout the body, transporting heat to maintain a stable internal temperature.
  • Protection against foreign substances: Immune cells (WBCs) and chemicals protect against microorganisms and toxins
  • Clotting formation: Blood clotting is the first step in tissue repair after damage to blood vessels, preventing blood loss.

Blood Composition

  • Blood is classified as a type of connective tissue. It consists of a liquid matrix (plasma) and cells/cell fragments (formed elements).
  • Plasma makes up about 55% of the total blood volume and roughly 8% of the total body weight. It consists mainly of water (91%), proteins, and other solutes.
  • Formed elements make up approximately 45% of the blood volume. These are red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets.

Formed Elements

  • Red blood cells (erythrocytes): Biconcave disk shape, oxygen and carbon dioxide transport. They make up 45% of total blood volume.
  • White blood cells (leukocytes): Spherical and have a nucleus, defend against pathogens; five types with specific functions (granulocytes and agranulocytes).
  • Platelets (thrombocytes): Cell fragments involved in preventing blood loss through clotting.

Blood Cell Production (Hemopoiesis)

  • Blood cell production, called hematopoiesis, occurs in red bone marrow and lymphatic tissues.
  • All formed elements originate from stem cells (hemocytoblasts).
  • Specialized growth factors regulate the development and number of formed elements.

Red Blood Cells

  • Normal red blood cells are disk-shaped, with thicker edges and thinner center.
  • The biconcave shape increases surface area for gas exchange.
  • Red blood cells lack a nucleus and most organelles during development.
  • Red blood cells live for about 120 days.
  • Hemoglobin is the protein responsible for their red color, crucial for oxygen transport.

White Blood Cells

  • Classified as granulocytes or agranulocytes, based on their appearance in stained preparations.
  • Granulocytes contain large cytoplasmic granules visible under a light microscope. These include Neutrophils, Basophils, and Eosinophils.
  • Agranulocytes have small granules that are not easily visible under a light microscope. These include Lymphocytes and Monocytes.
  • Each type of white blood cell has a specific function in the body's immune response.

Platelets

  • Platelets are minute fragments of cells, lack nuclei and consist of some cytoplasm.
  • They are involved in the clotting process.
  • Important in maintaining blood vessel integrity due to the formation of platelet plugs.
  • Platelet plug formation is a vital component of hemostasis (blood clotting and prevention of blood loss).

Blood Clotting

  • A complex process involving many chemical reactions, initiated by vessel damage, regulated by various clotting factors.
  • Three main stages are: Activation of clotting factors; conversion of prothrombin to thrombin; and thrombin converting fibrinogen to fibrin.
  • The process is regulated by anticoagulants to prevent unwanted clotting.

Blood Grouping

  • Blood types are determined by antigens on the surface of red blood cells.
  • The ABO blood grouping system has four principal types: A, B, AB, and O, based on the presence of specific antigens.
  • Mismatches in blood types during transfusions can lead to serious reactions, requiring careful matching.

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

  • A complete blood count (CBC) assesses several blood components, particularly red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and white blood cell count.
  • These measurements provide information regarding overall blood health.

Blood Chemistry

  • Blood chemistry involves blood plasma composition and the analysis of dissolved/suspended materials, assisting in diagnosing various conditions.
  • Measuring levels of certain substances can help diagnose disease states and function levels of the organs.

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