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Questions and Answers
The Sanger method requires?
Penicillin related antibodies in the serum suggest this form of hypersensitivity?
Mechanical defense includes?
This antibody crosses the placenta?
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The idea of vaccination was introduced by?
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An example of an advanced method is?
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N A M-and N A G- are components of?
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First scientist to vaccinate against rabies?
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Antibody 'light' chains have this characteristic?
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Microbiota are rarely pathogenic?
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This test counts cells tagged with a fluorescing monoclonal antibody?
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Who proposed the Germ Theory of Disease?
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Which of the following are present in gram positive but not gram negative bacteria?
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N K cells have this molecule?
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Nosocomial infection is likely to be found in?
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Aseptic surgery was first performed by?
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What is the function of Class I and II MHC's?
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First scientist to disprove Spontaneous Generation?
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Antigen-antibody complexes are phagocytosed in the presence of this complement component?
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SoLiD is a method using tagged beads to identify nucleotide sequences?
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Immune cells of the epidermis may include?
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Special first defenses include?
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An example of a Next Generation sequencing method using fluorescent identifiers is?
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The PCR reaction does not require at least which of the following?
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Illumina is a commonly used method using plate bridges to identify nucleotide sequences in?
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What is a characteristic of the adaptive immune response but not of the innate response?
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Which best describes the antibodies that are produced in an immunized host with a single complex antigen containing multiple epitopes?
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How is the generation of diversity achieved in the immune response?
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Which genetic mechanism increases the number of different antibody molecules during an immune response without increasing the diversity of the pool of antigen receptor specificities?
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Which class of antibody increases the stickiness of mucus?
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What initiates the classical pathway of complement activation most efficiently?
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Which immunologic test is widely used to collect and count cells expressing an antigen bound by a fluorescence-tagged monoclonal antibody?
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A 2-year-old child with recurrent bacterial infections like pneumonia is most likely deficient in?
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Immune hemolytic anemia associated with penicillin induced antibodies that attack red blood cells is most likely to have suffered this type of hypersensitivity reaction?
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With regard to the identification of microbes by sequencing 16s rRNA genes for database matches, which is not a true statement?
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If PCR-based profiling methods are used to compare DNA banding patterns of microbial communities for similarities and differences, then which of the following is a true statement?
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Scientists working in the microbiota shift disease problem area have tried to construct postulates similar to Koch’s postulates in which 'pure culture' is replaced by 'a shift from one specified population to another.' Which of Koch's postulates presents real problems?
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This _______ numbered postulate (advanced Koch’s postulates for the 21st Century) about a microbe should enable scientists to design an effective therapeutic measure for eliminating the disease?
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Study Notes
Sanger Method and Advanced Techniques
- The Sanger method requires ddNTPs (dideoxynucleotide triphosphates).
- Examples of advanced sequencing methods include Shotgun and Pyro sequencing.
Hypersensitivity Types
- Penicillin-related antibodies indicate Type II hypersensitivity reactions.
- Immune hemolytic anemia due to penicillin-induced antibodies is classified as Type II hypersensitivity.
Immunological Components and Responses
- Mechanical defenses include membranes, epidermis, and dermis.
- IgG is the type of antibody that crosses the placenta, providing passive immunity to the fetus.
Pioneers in Vaccination and Germ Theory
- Edward Jenner introduced the idea of vaccination.
- Louis Pasteur proposed the Germ Theory of Disease.
- The first vaccination against rabies was performed by Louis Pasteur.
Microbial Structures
- N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) and N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) are components of peptidoglycan.
- Teichoic acid is present in gram-positive bacteria but not in gram-negative bacteria.
Immune Cells and Mechanisms
- Natural Killer (NK) cells express MHC class I molecules.
- Immune cells in the epidermis include keratinocytes and Langerhans cells, among others.
Complement System and Antibodies
- Antigen-antibody complexes are phagocytosed in the presence of complement component C3b.
- IgA increases the stickiness of mucus and plays a role in mucosal immunity.
DNA Profiling and Sequencing
- Illumina sequencing utilizes plate bridges for identifying nucleotide sequences, commonly used in prenatal testing.
- PCR does not require amino acids, as it mainly needs DNA polymerase, primers, and nucleotides.
Characteristics of Adaptive Immune Response
- Clonal expansion of beta lymphocytes is a key feature of the adaptive immune response but not of the innate immune response.
Herbal and Practical Implications
- Methods using microbial community profiling can support identification and sensitivity analysis of various strains.
- Advanced Koch's postulates outline a framework for assessing microbial shifts and therapeutic interventions.
Immune Deficiencies
- A child with recurrent bacterial infections may likely have a deficiency in B cells or T cells.
- Hypersensitivity reactions to penicillin highlight the complexities involved in immune responses during medication exposure.
Important Concepts in Immunology
- Class I and II MHC molecules mediate interactions with T lymphocytes, presenting antigen fragments.
- Antibodies generated from an immunized host are chemically heterogeneous due to multiple epitopes present in the antigen.
True Statements in Microbiota Studies
- Profiling methods yield qualitative data and allow analysis of microbial community differences without necessitating taxonomic identification.
Sequencing Limitations
- 16s rRNA gene sequencing provides limited insights into physiological features and may miss species due to inefficient amplification.
Conclusive Notes
- Aseptic techniques were significantly advanced by Joseph Lister.
- Understanding the immune system's complexities is essential for developing effective therapeutic strategies against infections and autoimmune responses.
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