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Questions and Answers
What are the two methods a router can learn a route?
What are the two methods a router can learn a route?
A connected route is a type of static route.
A connected route is a type of static route.
True
What are some examples of routing protocols?
What are some examples of routing protocols?
What is the primary benefit of using a dynamic routing protocol?
What is the primary benefit of using a dynamic routing protocol?
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What are the four main components of a routing protocol?
What are the four main components of a routing protocol?
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Dynamic routing protocols can improve network reliability by finding alternative paths in case of link failures.
Dynamic routing protocols can improve network reliability by finding alternative paths in case of link failures.
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What are the main advantages of static routing?
What are the main advantages of static routing?
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Which type of routing protocol is ideal for large networks?
Which type of routing protocol is ideal for large networks?
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What are the three main classifications for dynamic routing protocols?
What are the three main classifications for dynamic routing protocols?
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Match the following routing protocols with their type:
Match the following routing protocols with their type:
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OSPF is a distance vector routing protocol.
OSPF is a distance vector routing protocol.
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RIP and IGRP are both link-state protocols.
RIP and IGRP are both link-state protocols.
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What are the two main types of gateway protocols?
What are the two main types of gateway protocols?
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BGP is an Interior Gateway Protocol.
BGP is an Interior Gateway Protocol.
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What are the two main types of routing algorithms?
What are the two main types of routing algorithms?
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Distance vector protocols work best in hierarchical networks.
Distance vector protocols work best in hierarchical networks.
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Link-state protocols are often used in large networks with complex designs.
Link-state protocols are often used in large networks with complex designs.
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RIP and IGRP are classless routing protocols.
RIP and IGRP are classless routing protocols.
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What does convergence mean in the context of routing protocols?
What does convergence mean in the context of routing protocols?
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What are some common metrics used by routing protocols to determine the best path?
What are some common metrics used by routing protocols to determine the best path?
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OSPF uses bandwidth as its metric.
OSPF uses bandwidth as its metric.
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EIGRP uses a single metric to determine the best path.
EIGRP uses a single metric to determine the best path.
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What is the purpose of administrative distance?
What is the purpose of administrative distance?
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A lower administrative distance indicates a more preferable routing source.
A lower administrative distance indicates a more preferable routing source.
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Static routes have an administrative distance of 0.
Static routes have an administrative distance of 0.
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What is the default administrative distance for OSPF?
What is the default administrative distance for OSPF?
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A directly connected network has the highest administrative distance.
A directly connected network has the highest administrative distance.
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What is the purpose of the show ip route command?
What is the purpose of the show ip route command?
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Static routes are never preferred over dynamic routes.
Static routes are never preferred over dynamic routes.
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Study Notes
Week 10-11 Routing Protocols
- Routing protocols facilitate routing information exchange between routers. They allow routers to dynamically learn about remote networks and automatically update their routing tables.
- Static routes:
- Routers can learn static routes in two ways: by examining active interfaces, or by manual configuration.
- A default route, also known as the gateway of last resort, is a special static route.
- Dynamic routes:
- Routers learn dynamic routes by running routing protocols.
- Routing protocols allow routers to communicate with each other and learn about network routes.
- Protocols learn routes from other neighboring routers that run the same protocol.
- Routing protocols exchange routing information when topology changes requiring automatic learning of new networks.
Learning Outcomes
- Understanding routers as computers with operating systems and hardware.
- Demonstrating device configuration skills and address application.
- Explaining how routers forward packets to their destinations.
- Discussing administrative distance (AD).
- Describing Switch 2960.
Routing Protocol Types
- Routed protocols: IP, IPX, AppleTalk
- Routing protocols: RIP, IGRP, OSPF, EIGRP, BGP, IS-IS, RIP, NLSP, EIGRP, RMTP, AURP, EIGRP
Dynamic Routing Protocols
- Plays crucial role in today's networks
- Offer dynamic learning, adapting to topology changes.
- Often used with static routes in many networks.
Evolution of Dynamic Routing Protocols
- Presented in a table format: interior gateway protocols (IGP), exterior gateway protocols (EGP), Distance Vector Routing Protocols, Link State Routing Protocols, Path Vector.
- Protocols and their associated years of development are listed.
- Specific versions are noted (RIPv1, RIPv2, OSPFv2, BGP, etc.)
- The classification of protocols (Classful, Classless, IPv6 support) is included in the table.
Role of Dynamic Routing Protocols
- Routing protocols facilitate the exchange of routing information between routers.
- Dynamically learn information about remote networks.
- Determine the best path to each network and update the routing table.
- Automatically learn about new networks and find alternate paths in case of link failure.
- Have less administrative overhead compared to static routing, but use network resources (CPU, bandwidth).
Network Discovery and Routing Table Maintenance
- Discover and maintain up-to-date remote network information.
- Select the best path to destination networks.
- Adapt routing tables based on topology changes.
- Key components of a routing protocol include data structures, algorithms, and routing protocol messages.
Dynamic Routing Protocol Operation
- Routing messages are sent and received on router interfaces.
- Routing information is shared with other compatible routers.
- Routers exchange routing information to learn about remote networks.
- The dynamic protocols react to topology changes.
Static Routing Protocol Advantages & Disadvantages
- Advantages: Less cost, easy maintenance, easier to implement in small networks that aren't predicted to grow.
- Disadvantages: Requires administrator intervention when changes occur, inflexible for growing networks, requires administrator knowledge of the entire network, can be cumbersome to maintain.
Dynamic Routing Protocol Advantages & Disadvantages
- Advantages: Less administrative overload, can automatically adapt to network changes, scalable for growing networks.
- Disadvantages: More intricate implementation, greater CPU utilization, requires administrator skill.
Classifying Dynamic Routing Protocols
- Routing protocols can be categorized by characteristics like IGP/EGP, distance vector/link-state, and classful/classless.
Commonly Used Routing Protocols
- RIP (distance vector), IGRP (distance vector), OSPF (link-state), IS-IS (link-state), EIGRP (advanced distance vector), and BGP (path vector).
Autonomous Systems
- Autonomous systems (AS) group networks under a common administrative control.
- An AS defines boundaries for routing protocols.
- This setup gives organizational benefits with IGPs and EGPs.
IGP versus EGP Routing Protocols
- IGPs operate within a single autonomous system.
- EGPs operate between different autonomous systems, commonly BGP.
Distance Vector and Link-State Routing Protocols
- Distance vector protocols advertise routes based on distance and direction.
- Link-state protocols create a network topology map for optimal path selection.
Classful and Classless Routing Protocols
- Classful: Subnet mask is consistent across the topology.
- Classless: Variable subnet masks.
Dynamic Routing Protocols and Convergence
- Convergence is when all routers' routing tables are consistent.
Metrics
- Various metrics determine the best path (hop count, bandwidth, delay, load, reliability, cost).
Administrative Distance (AD)
- AD values define preference order for routing sources.
- Lower AD values are preferred when there's a selection to choose from different routing sources.
- Directly connected networks have administrative distance 0 which cannot change.
- 255 signals that a source is not trustworthy.
Static Routes and Administrative Distance
- Static routes are manually configured.
- Static routes have an AD value.
Directly Connected Networks and Administrative Distance
- Directly connected networks have a very specific AD.
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