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Questions and Answers

What is the linea terminalis?

  • Muscle group that supports pelvic organs
  • The largest area of the uterus
  • Imaginary line from pubic symphysis to sacral prominence (correct)
  • A type of fallopian tube

    • What does the True Pelvis contain?

    Bladder, small bowel, colon, rectum, uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, iliac arteries, and 5 muscles.

    What is the pelvic diaphragm?

    Levator ani and coccygeus muscles that support pelvic organs from prolapse.

    Where is the pelvic diaphragm seen sonographically?

    <p>Inferior to the vagina.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Obturator internus, piriformis, and iliopsoas are adjacent or lateral to pelvic organs, referred to as _____ muscles.

    <p>OPI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the broad ligament?

    <p>A double fold of peritoneum that forms the lateral sides of the uterus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What supports the fundus of the uterus superiorly?

    <p>Round ligament.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the cardinal ligament contain?

    <p>Vasculature of the uterus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the retropubic space also known as?

    <p>Space of Retzius.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the adnexa located?

    <p>Lower quadrants of the abdomen and lateral spaces to the uterus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the anterior CDS?

    <p>Vesicouterine pouch between bladder and uterus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the posterior CDS also known as?

    <p>Rectouterine pouch or pouch of Douglas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Uterine arteries are branches of which artery?

    <p>Internal iliac artery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do arcuate arteries supply?

    <p>Periphery of myometrium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do radial arteries feed?

    <p>Deep myometrium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do straight and spiral arteries supply?

    <p>Layers of endometrium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the basal layer refer to?

    <p>Layer supplied by straight arteries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the functional layer refer to?

    <p>Layer supplied by spiral arteries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do internal iliac veins drain blood into?

    <p>Uterine veins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The right ovarian vein drains directly into which structure?

    <p>IVC (inferior vena cava).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vein does the left ovarian vein drain into?

    <p>Left renal vein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Mullerian ducts?

    <p>Pear-shaped organs developed from fusion of pairs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most superior and widest part of the uterus?

    <p>Fundus or dome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the uterus is the largest area?

    <p>Corpus or body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is also known as the lower uterine segment in pregnancy?

    <p>Isthmus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the cervix consist of?

    <p>Internal and external os, surrounded by vaginal fornix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outermost layer that surrounds the uterus?

    <p>Perimetrium or serosa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the muscular layer of the uterus called?

    <p>Myometrium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the endometrium consist of?

    <p>Mucosal layer with basal and functional layers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After puberty, what should the uterus measure?

    <p>6-8 cm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After menopause, what should the uterus measure?

    <p>4-6 cm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does anteversion describe?

    <p>Body tilts forward at a 90 degree angle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does anteflexion describe?

    <p>Body folds forward towards cervix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does retroflexion describe?

    <p>Body tilts back and tries to touch cervix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does retroversion describe?

    <p>Body tilts back but without bending towards cervix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are fallopian tubes also known as?

    <p>Oviducts or salpinges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most proximal part of the oviduct?

    <p>Interstitial.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are uterine cornua?

    <p>The two areas at the upper corners of the uterus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What connects the interstitial to the ampulla of the fallopian tube?

    <p>Isthmus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ampulla known for?

    <p>Most common site of fertilization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ampulla's relation to ectopic pregnancies?

    <p>It is the most common location for ectopics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the infundibulum?

    <p>Distal and widest portion of the fallopian tube.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What shape are the ovaries?

    <p>Pear-shaped.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What supports the ovary from the lateral side?

    <p>Ovarian ligament.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pelvic Anatomy and Structures

    • Linea Terminalis: An imaginary line extending from the pubic symphysis to the sacral prominence, defining the true pelvis.
    • True Pelvis: Contains bladder, small bowel, colon, rectum, uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, iliac arteries, and five associated muscles, forming the deep pelvic area.
    • Pelvic Diaphragm: Comprised of levator ani and coccygeus muscles, these hammock-shaped muscles support pelvic organs and prevent prolapse.

    Ligaments in the Pelvis

    • Broad Ligament: A double fold of peritoneum that connects the lateral sides of the uterus to the walls of the pelvis; the only ligament visible sonographically.
    • Round Ligament: Extensions of the broad ligament that provide support to the fundus of the uterus.
    • Cardinal Ligament: Lateral cervical ligaments that contain crucial vasculature supplying the uterus.

    Anatomical Spaces and Pouches

    • Retropubic Space: Also known as the space of Retzius, located anterior to the bladder.
    • Anterior CDS: Vesicouterine pouch located between the bladder and uterus.
    • Posterior CDS: Rectouterine pouch (pouch of Douglas) found between the uterus and rectum.

    Vascular Supply of the Uterus

    • Uterine Arteries: Branches of the internal iliac artery that supply blood to the uterus.
    • Arcuate Arteries: Supply the periphery of the myometrium, providing essential blood flow.
    • Radial Arteries: Responsible for supplying the deeper layers of the myometrium.
    • Straight and Spiral Arteries: Supply the endometrial layers, with straight arteries supplying the basal layer and spiral arteries supplying the functional layer.

    Venous Drainage

    • Internal Iliac Veins: Drain blood from the uterine veins.
    • IVC (Inferior Vena Cava): The right ovarian vein drains directly into this major vein.
    • Left Renal Vein: The left ovarian vein drains into this, noted as the longest pelvic vessel.

    Uterine Anatomy

    • Mullerian Ducts: Develop into the pear-shaped organ of the uterus through the fusion of paired structures.
    • Fundus or Dome: The most superior part of the uterus where the fallopian tubes attach.
    • Corpus or Body: The largest section of the uterus.
    • Isthmus: Also referred to as the lower uterine segment, particularly during pregnancy.
    • Cervix: Comprises internal and external os, encircled by the vaginal fornix.
    • Perimetrium: The outermost layer enveloping the uterus.
    • Myometrium: The thick, muscular layer of the uterus; includes a junctional zone.
    • Endometrium: The mucosal layer within the uterus, composed of basal and functional layers.

    Uterine Measurements

    • 6-8 cm: Typical measurement of the uterus after puberty.
    • 4-6 cm: Typical measurement of the uterus after menopause.

    Uterine Positions

    • Anteversion: The body of the uterus tilts forward at a 90-degree angle.
    • Anteflexion: The body folds forward toward the cervix.
    • Retroflexion: The body tilts backward, attempting to touch the cervix.
    • Retroversion: The body tilts backward without bending toward the cervix.

    Fallopian Tubes

    • Fallopian Tubes: Known also as oviducts or salpinges, extending from the uterine cornua into the adnexa; measures 7-14 cm.
    • Interstitial: The most proximal segment of the fallopian tube where it connects to the uterus.
    • Uterine Cornu: The two upper corners of the uterus.
    • Isthmus: Serves as a bridge connecting the interstitial part of the tube to the ampulla.
    • Ampulla: The longest portion of the tube and the most common fertilization site; also the location for ectopic pregnancies.
    • Infundibulum: The distal and widest part of the fallopian tube featuring finger-like extensions that help draw the ovum into the tube.

    Ovarian Anatomy

    • Ovaries: Pear-shaped, intraperitoneal endocrine organs situated laterally to the uterus, adjacent to the OPI muscles and internal iliac vessels.
    • Ovarian Ligament: Provides support to the ovary from the lateral side.

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