Podcast
Questions and Answers
I/O psychology is concerned with the study of formal ______.
I/O psychology is concerned with the study of formal ______.
organizations
I/O psychology has a dual focus on efficiency/productivity of organizations and the health/well-being of ______.
I/O psychology has a dual focus on efficiency/productivity of organizations and the health/well-being of ______.
employees
The dynamic interaction between generating scientific knowledge and its application is captured in the - approach.
The dynamic interaction between generating scientific knowledge and its application is captured in the - approach.
scientist-practitioner
The topics on the organizational side are associated with understanding and predicting behavior within ______ settings.
The topics on the organizational side are associated with understanding and predicting behavior within ______ settings.
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Practices like conducting job analysis and developing performance criterion measures are important in the ______ topics of I/O psychology.
Practices like conducting job analysis and developing performance criterion measures are important in the ______ topics of I/O psychology.
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After agents are selected, they must be socialized into the culture of the specific ______ they will be working in.
After agents are selected, they must be socialized into the culture of the specific ______ they will be working in.
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The application of psychological methods in the workplace defines ______ psychology.
The application of psychological methods in the workplace defines ______ psychology.
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Most graduate programs in I/O psychology incorporate some form of practical ______ into their curriculum.
Most graduate programs in I/O psychology incorporate some form of practical ______ into their curriculum.
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I/O psychology is a part of the field of ______.
I/O psychology is a part of the field of ______.
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I/O psychologists use methods of scientific ______ for studying organizational processes.
I/O psychologists use methods of scientific ______ for studying organizational processes.
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Effective organizations are typically more productive, provide higher-quality services to customers, and are more ______ successful.
Effective organizations are typically more productive, provide higher-quality services to customers, and are more ______ successful.
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A formal organization exists to fulfill some explicitly stated ______.
A formal organization exists to fulfill some explicitly stated ______.
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An informal organization has a purpose that is typically less explicit than that of a ______ organization.
An informal organization has a purpose that is typically less explicit than that of a ______ organization.
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Five poker players form an informal organization because they enjoy playing poker and each other’s ______.
Five poker players form an informal organization because they enjoy playing poker and each other’s ______.
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Formal organizations typically exhibit some degree of ______ over time.
Formal organizations typically exhibit some degree of ______ over time.
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Organizations are social ______ that consist of more than two people.
Organizations are social ______ that consist of more than two people.
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Formal internship programs require that students work under the supervision of an experienced I/O ______
Formal internship programs require that students work under the supervision of an experienced I/O ______
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The original purpose of the Hawthorne studies was to investigate the impact of environmental factors such as illumination and wage ______
The original purpose of the Hawthorne studies was to investigate the impact of environmental factors such as illumination and wage ______
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The development of Alpha and Beta Tests during World War I was aimed at placing recruits in suitable ______
The development of Alpha and Beta Tests during World War I was aimed at placing recruits in suitable ______
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The Hawthorne studies revealed that work groups established and strongly enforced production ______
The Hawthorne studies revealed that work groups established and strongly enforced production ______
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Frederick Taylor is known for his work on the Scientific ______ Approach
Frederick Taylor is known for his work on the Scientific ______ Approach
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Between World War I and II, I/O Psychology expanded into various areas addressing employee and productivity ______
Between World War I and II, I/O Psychology expanded into various areas addressing employee and productivity ______
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One significant finding from the Hawthorne studies was that social factors impact behavior in organizational ______
One significant finding from the Hawthorne studies was that social factors impact behavior in organizational ______
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The Hawthorne researchers found that employees responded differently to various styles of ______
The Hawthorne researchers found that employees responded differently to various styles of ______
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Study Notes
Introduction to Industrial & Organizational Psychology
- Individuals in organizations have a significant impact on many aspects of life.
- Food, cars, and homes are all dependent on the coordinated efforts within organizations.
- I/O psychology is a branch of psychology.
- Psychology is the scientific study of individual human behavior and mental processes.
- I/O psychologists use scientific inquiry to study organizational processes and solve problems.
- Data for I/O psychology comes from various sources including surveys, interviews, observations, and organizational records.
- I/O psychology is a field that utilizes scientific methodology to understand the behavior of individuals in organizational settings.
- This knowledge is used to improve organizational effectiveness.
- The field focuses on understanding individual and group behavior in formal organizational settings.
- Key to defining I/O psychology is understanding the difference between formal and informal organizations.
Organizations
- Organizations are social entities with multiple people who share a common goal and possess a structure.
- Effective organizations are usually more productive and provide higher-quality services, while being more financially successful than less effective organizations.
- Employees in effective organizations are more satisfied and fulfilled in their work.
Formal Organizations
- Formal organizations exist to fulfill a specific, often written, purpose.
- Formal organizations usually have continuity over time, surviving longer than the original founding members.
- Examples include businesses, nonprofits, government agencies, and universities.
Informal Organizations
- Informal organizations have less explicitly defined purposes than formal organizations.
- Examples include people playing poker together because they enjoy each other's company.
- They are less likely to continue if members move away or lose interest.
I/O Psychology's Focus
- I/O psychology focuses on formal organizations.
- I/O psychology also studies informal organizational processes, as informal relationships often impact employees.
I/O Psychology: Industrial and Organizational Aspects
- Organizational and industrial psychology are related parts of the broader field of I/O psychology.
- I/O psychology is the application of psychological methods and principles to the workplace.
- I/O psychology has a dual focus on efficiency/productivity of organizations and the health and well-being of employees
- The dual nature of I/O psychology includes applying psychological science to the workplace and developing scientific psychological principles at work.
I/O Psychology Topics
- Industrial side topics are typically related to human resource management. This includes recruitment, selection, classification, compensation, performance appraisal, and training.
- Organizational side topics focus on understanding and predicting behavior within organizational settings (organizational behavior). This includes socialization, motivation, occupational stress, leadership, group performance, and organizational development.
Topics Application
- I-Side Example: A life insurance company develops a test to select sales personnel – conducting job analyses, creating performance criteria, creating selection tests, and studying the tests' predictive validity.
- O-Side Example: After selection, new agents are socialized into the agency and company culture, and the company understands unique stressors and coping mechanisms.
The Scientist-Practitioner Approach
- I/O psychology combines scientific knowledge generation with practical application.
- Science and practice often influence each other.
Graduate Programs in I/O Psychology
- Most graduate programs include practical experience.
- This may include internships with I/O psychologists in corporations or consulting firms, class projects, and field-based courses.
- Students gain experience by applying what they learn and often find that quickly getting things done well, interpersonal relationships, and quickly adapting to organizational demands is more important than they expected.
History of I/O Psychology - Frederick Taylor (1911)
- Taylorism or Scientific Management approach to studying employee productivity.
- Suggested analyzing each job individually, selecting employees based on job performance characteristics, training employees, rewarding productivity.
History of I/O Psychology - World War I
- I/O psychology began in the US and UK during World War I.
- Development of the Alpha and Beta tests for mental ability to place recruits in suitable jobs, contributing to mass testing.
History of I/O Psychology - Between WWI and WWII
- I/O psychology expanded into many organizational areas.
- Organizations started hiring I/O psychologists, research accumulated, and Myers founded the National Institute of Industrial Psychology (NIIP).
- Hawthorne Studies (a series of experiments) investigated the impact of environmental factors (like lighting) on employee productivity, with the unexpected conclusion that social factors were often more important.
Hawthorne Studies
- Investigated the impact of environmental factors (illumination, incentives, rest pauses) on productivity.
- Unexpectedly found that social factors (being part of a study, social interaction) had a larger impact on productivity than physical conditions.
- Showed the importance of social factors at work.
- Subsequent studies discovered work groups established and enforced productivity norms, and employees responded to different leadership styles.
History of I/O Psychology - World War II
- World War II was a significant factor in stimulating I/O psychology's development.
- I/O became involved in selection, training, performance appraisal, team development, and equipment design.
- The APA opened its doors to I/O psychology, and the Society of Industrial and Organizational Psychology (SIOP) became a division of APA.
Contemporary Themes
- Ethics and social responsibility
- Globalization and cross-cultural issues
- Environmental sustainability
- Recent trends like technological change and increased globalization have impacted organizations.
- Communication technology has led to quicker work processes and greater flexibility.
- These changes have also created difficulties in separating work and non-work lives.
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