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Questions and Answers

What is the neutron-to-proton ratio for stable light nuclei?

1:1 (correct)

1:0.5

1:2

1:1.5

Which force is the weakest among the four fundamental forces?

Electromagnetic force

Weak force

Gravity (correct)

Nuclear force

What happens to an unstable nucleus in an attempt to achieve stability?

It splits into lighter elements.

It captures electrons.

It emits radiation. (correct)

It absorbs neutrons.

For nuclei with mass number greater than 40, what is needed to balance the repulsive forces between protons?

More neutrons than protons Signup and view all the answers

Which type of radiation is NOT included in the list of common radiation types?

X-rays Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the band of stability?

It indicates the balance between neutrons and protons. Signup and view all the answers

What do you call a radioactive nuclide?

Radionuclide Signup and view all the answers

Which type of particle is emitted by a radioactive atom during decay?

One type of particle or energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the unit of measurement that represents one decay per second?

Becquerel (Bq) Signup and view all the answers

Which equation is used to calculate the activity of a radioactive sample?

A = λ * N Signup and view all the answers

What does the decay constant (λ) represent in radioactive decay?

Probability of decay per unit time per radioactive atom Signup and view all the answers

What is the half-life (t1/2) of a radioactive sample?

The time for half the original quantity to decay Signup and view all the answers

If a sample has a half-life of 10 days, how much of the original quantity remains after 30 days?

1/8 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following radionuclides has the longest half-life?

U-238 Signup and view all the answers

In a decay curve, what happens to the normalized concentration of radioactive atoms over time?

It decreases exponentially towards zero Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT true about the decay constant (λ)?

It varies with time Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the chart that arranges nuclides with their atomic and neutron numbers?

To provide insight into isotope characteristics Signup and view all the answers

In one million uranium atoms, how many atoms of 238U are expected to be present?

992,745 atoms Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about isotopes of uranium is true regarding their chemical properties?

They have the same chemical properties. Signup and view all the answers

What does enrichment of uranium refer to?

Increasing the concentration of a particular isotope Signup and view all the answers

In terms of stability, which factor is most important for the stability of a nucleus?

Neutron-to-proton ratio Signup and view all the answers

What is the natural abundance of the 235U isotope in uranium?

0.72% Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected number of 234U atoms in one million uranium atoms?

55 atoms Signup and view all the answers

What is the atomic weight of naturally occurring uranium calculated from its isotopes?

238.03 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about depleted uranium is correct?

It has a lower concentration of 235U than its natural value. Signup and view all the answers

What determines the chemical properties of an atom?

The number of electrons and their distribution Signup and view all the answers

What is the value of Avogadro's number?

6.022 × 10^23 mol-1 Signup and view all the answers

Which particles are collectively referred to as nucleons?

Neutrons and protons Signup and view all the answers

How is the atomic mass unit (amu) defined in relation to carbon-12?

It is 1/12 the mass of the neutral carbon-12 atom. Signup and view all the answers

What is the mass of a neutron?

1.674929 ×10-27 kg Signup and view all the answers

What does the atomic radius represent in terms of an atom?

The average distance from the nucleus to the boundary of the electron cloud. Signup and view all the answers

Which equation correctly defines the mass of one atom of carbon-12 in grams?

$12 ext{ g} / (6.022 × 10^{23})$ Signup and view all the answers

How are electrons arranged in an atom according to Niels Bohr's model?

In discrete orbits around the nucleus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about the atomic nucleus?

It contains nearly all of the atom's mass Signup and view all the answers

What is the electric charge of an electron?

-e Signup and view all the answers

What type of particle is a photon?

An electrically neutral particle Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following particles does NOT have mass?

Neutrino Signup and view all the answers

What is the average energy released per fission in MeV?

210 MeV Signup and view all the answers

How many fissions occur per watt in a nuclear power plant?

2.97 E10 fissions/watt-sec Signup and view all the answers

What is the total energy emitted from a fission reaction in MeV?

198-207 MeV Signup and view all the answers

Which particles represent the highest energy emission from fission fragments?

Fission fragments Signup and view all the answers

When do prompt neutrons and gamma-rays typically occur during fission?

Within 10-12 to 10-14 seconds Signup and view all the answers

At what time frame do fission fragments typically come to rest?

10-11 seconds Signup and view all the answers

What type of emissions begin chains of beta decays after fission?

Fission fragments Signup and view all the answers

Which emissions from fission are deposited but not recovered?

Decay neutrinos Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

APR1400 General Arrangement

A diagram of a nuclear power plant, showcasing the APR1400 reactor layout.
The diagram shows internal components and layout of the reactor.

Nuclear Steam Supply System in Containment

Another diagram focusing on the APR1400 nuclear steam supply system within the containment vessel.
This system is a crucial part for steam production in a nuclear plant.

NSSS - Reactor Coolant System

Loop configuration, including components like a reactor vessel, pressurizer, steam generators, and coolant pumps.
The loop design is critical to the reactor's operation.
- Four recirculating coolant pumps are part of the design.
- Two hot legs and four cold legs aid in the loop configuration.

NSSS - Reactor Vessel

The diagram shows the reactor vessel with inlet, outlet, and direct vessel injection (DVI) nozzles.
The reactor vessel is part of the coolant system's pressure boundary and acts as a barrier to fission product release.

NSSS - Steam Generator (SG)

The steam generators' tube design details, including tube count, plugging margin, and materials.
Important design features include improved upper tube support and a modified primary outlet nozzle angle.

NSSS - Pressurizer

Design values, including free volume, coolant volume, and heater capacity.
Diagrams show the pressurizer with the pilot-operated safety relief valves.
The pressurizer maintains pressure in the primary coolant loop and enhances safety.

NSSS - Reactor Coolant Pump (RCP)

Pump type and configuration: vertical bottom suction, horizontal discharge, single-stage impeller, motor-driven centrifugal pump.
Includes shaft seal assembly, mechanical seals, and pressure control features.

Turbine & Generator

Turbine number (1 double-flow HP, 3 double-flow LP) and configuration (Tandem Compound).
Includes turbine speed, output power, and last-stage blade size.
Generator details: direct-driven and conductor cooled; voltage and frequency provided.

Reactor Power System Layout

A diagram showing a top-down view of the reactor power system layout.
Diagram includes placement and layout of key reactor components.

Where the Thermal Energy (Heat) Comes From

Diagram showing the typical nuclear power system and how it converts nuclear energy to thermal energy.

Logarithmic Distance Scale (Meters)

A logarithmic scale illustrating the relative sizes of various entities, from subatomic particles to the Earth and beyond.

Fundamental Particles

The basic components of matter (protons, neutrons, electrons, etc)
A table showing their properties such as charge, mass, and half-life.

Atomic Structure

Describes the structure of atoms including protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Key points about nuclear composition, particularly in stable atomic nuclei.

Atomic Structure (continued)

Covers chemical properties related to atomic structure.
Discusses nuclear effects like transformation, energy, etc.
Provides the mass of subatomic particles.

Terminology and Notation

Explains the symbols and notation used to describe atoms and their components
Provides examples using elements U, Li and Pu to express notation of atoms.

Isotopes

Defines isotopes as nuclides with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
Includes carbon isotopes as an example.

Forces Inside Atoms and Nuclei

Describes electrostatic forces and nuclear force, within atoms and nuclei.
Explains how nuclear force overcomes repulsive electrostatic forces between protons.

Four Fundamental Forces

Lists the four fundamental forces (gravity, weak, electromagnetic, and nuclear)
Includes a table that shows a comparison of the strengths of these forces.

Stability of the Nucleus

Discusses the balance between forces and the neutron-to-proton ratio and their relationship to the stability of nuclei
Discusses how nuclei with more or fewer neutrons will be unstable.

Band of Stability

A chart illustrating the relationship between neutron and proton numbers in stable isotopes.

Radiation

Defines radiation as energy traveling through space through particles or electromagnetic waves
Includes different types of radiation (alpha, beta, gamma, neutrons, neutrinos, cosmic rays) that are emitted when an unstable nuclei decay to a stable nuclei

Radiation and Radioactivity

Describes radiation processes as a result of nuclear and atomic reactions.
Explains radioactive atoms and their spontaneous transformation into other nuclides.
Includes terms like radionuclide and radioisotope.

Activity

Defines source activity and common units (Becquerel and Curie).
Provides the formula for calculating activity.

Decay Constant and Half-life

Explains decay constant and describes half-life.
Discusses the concept of half-life and decay constant, also showing how the activity of the sample decreases by a factor of two.

Decay of a Radionuclide Sample

Illustrates the decay of a radionuclide sample as a function of time.
Includes examples such as Strontium-82 and Uranium-238.

Chart of the Nuclides

Describes a chart displaying stable and unstable nuclides using plots of neutron numbers (N) and proton numbers (Z).

Isotopic Abundance

Explains terms related to isotopic abundance and gives examples of isotopic abundance for uranium.

Isotopic Abundance Example

Shows an example of calculating the abundance of uranium isotopes in one million uranium atoms.

Enriched and Depleted Uranium

Describes enrichment and depletion processes, focusing on uranium isotopes relevant to nuclear reactors.

Stability of the Nucleus (Review)

Offers a review and summary of factors associated with nuclear stability.

Radioactive Decay

Displays a chart showing stable nuclides.
Discusses the relationship between the number of neutrons and protons for nuclear stability.

Beta Decay

Describes beta decay and its relationship to neutron quantity.
Defines different types of beta decay (β⁻, β⁺)

Beta Decay (continued)

Expands on the beta decay process, leading to decay chains.

Alpha Decay

Explains the process of alpha decay and how it relates to the position of isotopes on the chart of nuclides
Discusses alpha-emitters and the composition of alpha particles.

Gamma Decay Example

Offers an example of gamma decay, showcasing the emission of gamma rays as a decay process

Atomic Weight

Formula and calculation of atomic weight from isotope data.

Atomic Mass Unit, Moles, and Avogadro

Defines atomic mass unit, moles, and Avogadro's number, explaining relationships and providing examples.

Atomic and Nuclear Dimensions

Discusses atomic and nuclear sizes and how they relate considering the boundaries, average distance between the nucleus and the cloud of the electron, and its factors.

Where does the Thermal Energy (Heat) Come From?

Illustrates how thermal energy is produced in a nuclear power system, from nuclear fission.

Mass and Energy

Discusses energy production in nuclear systems using Einstein's formula (E=mc²).

Rest-mass Energy of the Electron

Explains rest-mass energy calculation for an electron, using the equation E=mc².

Electron Volt

Discusses and explains the electron volt, showing its use to express energy quantities.

Energy Equivalent of 1 amu

Calculates and discusses the energy equivalent of one atomic mass unit, explaining its significance.

Neutron-induced Fission

Describes the process of neutron-induced fission.

Nuclear Chain Reaction

Explanations on how nuclear chain reactions proceed and the energy released per fission, including power generation requirements.

Fission Rate in 1400 MWe Nuclear Power Plant

Discusses and illustrates the calculation of fission rates in a 1400 MWe nuclear power plant.

Energy from Fission

Presents a table summarizing the energy distribution in fission products.

Characteristics of Fission Reactions (continued)

Describes prompt neutrons and gamma rays as fission products.

Fission Products

Characterizes a fission reaction that produces fragments; types and potential hazards like decay heat, biological effect and neutron poisens
Explains fission product distributions and types of isotopes

Fissile and Fissionable-But-Nonfissile Nuclides

Explains fissile and fissionable nuclides.
Provides examples of fissile and fissionable-but-nonfissile nuclides.

Fertile Nuclides

Describes fertile nuclides and how they can be used to produce fissile nuclides.

List of Required Texts

Provides references to various texts used for the topic of nuclear physics and reactor theory.

References

A list of references used in the document.

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