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Questions and Answers

What is cognition?

All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

What are concepts?

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.

What are prototypes?

A mental image or best example of a category.

What is an algorithm?

<p>A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a heuristic?

<p>A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is confirmation bias?

<p>A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a mental set?

<p>A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is functional fixedness?

<p>The inability to perceive a new use for an object associated with a different purpose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the representativeness heuristic?

<p>A mental shortcut whereby people classify something according to how similar it is to a typical case.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the availability heuristic?

<p>Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is overconfidence?

<p>Our tendency to believe we will perform better than we actually do.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a phoneme?

<p>The smallest distinctive sound unit in language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a morpheme?

<p>The basic unit of meaning in a language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is semantics?

<p>The analysis of the meaning of language, especially of individual words.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is syntax?

<p>Language rules that govern how words can be combined to form meaningful phrases and sentences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is incubation?

<p>A process of unconscious recombination of thought elements that results in novel ideas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is overregularization?

<p>Applying a grammatical rule too widely and creating incorrect forms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is overextension?

<p>An early vocabulary error where a word is applied too broadly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a cognitive map?

<p>A mental representation of the layout of one's environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are framing effects?

<p>When different answers are given to the same problem depending on how it is phrased.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cognition

  • Encompasses all mental activities related to thinking, knowing, remembering, and communication.
  • Essential for nearly all mental tasks, such as learning new languages.

Concepts

  • Represent mental groupings of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
  • Crucial for everyday functioning and psychological research.

Prototypes

  • The best examples or mental images of a category.
  • Recognition of concepts is faster when items closely match prototypes.

Algorithm

  • A systematic, logical procedure that ensures problem-solving success.
  • Commonly used in various fields, particularly in innovation and product development.

Heuristic

  • A simple and efficient strategy for judgment and problem-solving, often quicker but more prone to errors than algorithms.
  • Used in practical contexts, demonstrating trial-and-error methods like those employed by Thomas Edison.

Confirmation Bias

  • The inclination to seek information that confirms existing beliefs while disregarding contradictory evidence.
  • Illustrated by Peter Wason's experiment with a three-number series.

Mental Set

  • A predisposition to solve problems in a specific way based on past successes.
  • Influences both thought processes and perception.

Functional Fixedness

  • The inability to see alternative uses for an object designed for a different function; a type of mental set.
  • Stereotypes and fixation can restrict creative thinking.

Representativeness Heuristic

  • A mental shortcut categorizing items based on resemblance to typical cases.
  • Can lead to rapid judgments but may overlook other relevant information.

Availability Heuristic

  • Assessment of event likelihood based on how easily examples come to mind.
  • Affects expectations of recurrence based on personal memory experiences.

Overconfidence

  • The tendency to overrate one’s performance capabilities.
  • Prevalent across various tasks, leading to inflated expectations.

Phoneme

  • The smallest unit of sound in language.
  • Varies among languages; English includes around 40 phonemes.

Morpheme

  • The fundamental unit of meaning in a language.
  • In English, some morphemes function as phonemes, including prefixes and suffixes.

Semantics

  • Focuses on the meanings of words and language.
  • Influential in interpreting language nuances, as seen in perspectives of concepts like "half empty" versus "half full."

Syntax

  • Rules dictating how words combine to form meaningful phrases and sentences.
  • Key element of both grammar and semantics, contributing to overall language comprehension.

Incubation

  • The unconscious recombination of thought elements resulting from prior conscious effort, leading to new insights later.
  • Illustrates the cognitive processes involved in problem-solving.

Overregularization

  • Misapplication of grammatical rules, leading to incorrect forms.
  • Common in early language development, indicating critical periods in language learning.

Overextension

  • An early vocabulary mistake where a word is used too broadly for various objects or events.
  • Example: a child calling everything "Papa" after learning the term.

Cognitive Map

  • A mental representation of spatial environments.
  • Vital for navigation and understanding physical layouts, demonstrated through maze exploration.

Framing Effects

  • Variations in responses to identical questions based on their phrasing.
  • Can significantly influence opinions and perceptions, relevant in assessments like surveys and tests.

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