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Questions and Answers
What is cognition?
What is cognition?
All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
What are concepts?
What are concepts?
A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
What are prototypes?
What are prototypes?
A mental image or best example of a category.
What is an algorithm?
What is an algorithm?
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What is a heuristic?
What is a heuristic?
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What is confirmation bias?
What is confirmation bias?
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What is a mental set?
What is a mental set?
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What is functional fixedness?
What is functional fixedness?
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What is the representativeness heuristic?
What is the representativeness heuristic?
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What is the availability heuristic?
What is the availability heuristic?
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What is overconfidence?
What is overconfidence?
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What is a phoneme?
What is a phoneme?
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What is a morpheme?
What is a morpheme?
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What is semantics?
What is semantics?
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What is syntax?
What is syntax?
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What is incubation?
What is incubation?
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What is overregularization?
What is overregularization?
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What is overextension?
What is overextension?
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What is a cognitive map?
What is a cognitive map?
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What are framing effects?
What are framing effects?
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Study Notes
Cognition
- Encompasses all mental activities related to thinking, knowing, remembering, and communication.
- Essential for nearly all mental tasks, such as learning new languages.
Concepts
- Represent mental groupings of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
- Crucial for everyday functioning and psychological research.
Prototypes
- The best examples or mental images of a category.
- Recognition of concepts is faster when items closely match prototypes.
Algorithm
- A systematic, logical procedure that ensures problem-solving success.
- Commonly used in various fields, particularly in innovation and product development.
Heuristic
- A simple and efficient strategy for judgment and problem-solving, often quicker but more prone to errors than algorithms.
- Used in practical contexts, demonstrating trial-and-error methods like those employed by Thomas Edison.
Confirmation Bias
- The inclination to seek information that confirms existing beliefs while disregarding contradictory evidence.
- Illustrated by Peter Wason's experiment with a three-number series.
Mental Set
- A predisposition to solve problems in a specific way based on past successes.
- Influences both thought processes and perception.
Functional Fixedness
- The inability to see alternative uses for an object designed for a different function; a type of mental set.
- Stereotypes and fixation can restrict creative thinking.
Representativeness Heuristic
- A mental shortcut categorizing items based on resemblance to typical cases.
- Can lead to rapid judgments but may overlook other relevant information.
Availability Heuristic
- Assessment of event likelihood based on how easily examples come to mind.
- Affects expectations of recurrence based on personal memory experiences.
Overconfidence
- The tendency to overrate one’s performance capabilities.
- Prevalent across various tasks, leading to inflated expectations.
Phoneme
- The smallest unit of sound in language.
- Varies among languages; English includes around 40 phonemes.
Morpheme
- The fundamental unit of meaning in a language.
- In English, some morphemes function as phonemes, including prefixes and suffixes.
Semantics
- Focuses on the meanings of words and language.
- Influential in interpreting language nuances, as seen in perspectives of concepts like "half empty" versus "half full."
Syntax
- Rules dictating how words combine to form meaningful phrases and sentences.
- Key element of both grammar and semantics, contributing to overall language comprehension.
Incubation
- The unconscious recombination of thought elements resulting from prior conscious effort, leading to new insights later.
- Illustrates the cognitive processes involved in problem-solving.
Overregularization
- Misapplication of grammatical rules, leading to incorrect forms.
- Common in early language development, indicating critical periods in language learning.
Overextension
- An early vocabulary mistake where a word is used too broadly for various objects or events.
- Example: a child calling everything "Papa" after learning the term.
Cognitive Map
- A mental representation of spatial environments.
- Vital for navigation and understanding physical layouts, demonstrated through maze exploration.
Framing Effects
- Variations in responses to identical questions based on their phrasing.
- Can significantly influence opinions and perceptions, relevant in assessments like surveys and tests.
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