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Questions and Answers

List as many abiotic factors which can affect the variety of life in an ecosystem?

pH, temperature, salinity, moisture

What is the ability of an organism to maintain its metabolic rate affected by?

External abiotic factors such as temperature, pH, and salinity.

Which of the following are examples of conformers?

  • Snake (correct)
  • Lizard (correct)
  • Frog (correct)
  • Koala
  • Dog
  • Otter
  • Fish
  • All of the above

    • Which of the following are examples of regulators?

    <p>Koala</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the advantages of being a conformer?

    <p>Metabolic costs are low as they do not use metabolism to control their internal environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some behavioral strategies a conformer can use to maintain their optimum metabolic rate?

    <p>Lizards bask in the sun to raise their internal body temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the advantages of being a regulator?

    <p>Regulators can occupy a greater range of ecological niches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The graph shows that Species X is a conformer.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would happen to a spider crab if placed in pure water?

    <p>It would die because it cannot osmoregulate and maintain its internal salt concentration in pure water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a conformer?

    <p>Large mouth bass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which graph best illustrates the effect of increasing temperature on oxygen consumption in a conformer and a regulator?

    <p>Conformer line goes up, regulator line remains flat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the overall aim of thermoregulation?

    <p>To maintain a stable internal body temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is information about body temperature communicated to the hypothalamus?

    <p>It is communicated by electrical impulses through the nerves to the effectors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to your skin when you get too hot?

    <p>Vasodilation of blood vessels, increased sweating, and a decreased metabolic rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which line in the table correctly identifies the change in state of the erector muscle and the change in blood flow in the capillary which would be expected if the skin was exposed to low temperatures?

    <p>Erector muscle contracted, blood flow decreased</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the importance of thermoregulation to mammals.

    <p>To maintain body temperature within tolerable limits for optimal enzyme activity and for high diffusion rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Give one reason why it is important for mammals to regulate their body temperature.

    <p>Enzymes to work at optimum temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the temperature monitoring center in the body of a mammal.

    <p>Hypothalamus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are messages sent from the temperature monitoring center to the skin?

    <p>Nerve impulses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the response of blood vessels in the skin of a mammal to a decrease in environmental temperature.

    <p>Vasoconstriction (vessels get narrower).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the effect of vasoconstriction in the skin of a mammal.

    <p>Reduce blood flow so less heat is lost via radiation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which line in the table below correctly identifies the temperature monitoring center, the type of signal and the effector involved in the control of body temperature?

    <p>Temperature monitoring center: Hypothalamus; Type of signal: Nervous; Effector: Skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which line in the table correctly identifies the description of salmon and the control of ion pumps?

    <p>Description of salmon: Regulator; Control of ion pumps: By negative feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain how hibernation helps the marmot survive the adverse conditions of winter.

    <p>Metabolic rate can be reduced when less food is available.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Give the term used to describe a state of reduced activity each day to survive adverse conditions in some species of small mammals with high metabolic rates.

    <p>Daily torpor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the type of behavior that many species of bird avoid metabolic adversity by relocating to a more suitable environment.

    <p>Migration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe one specialized technique used to study long-distance bird movements.

    <p>Leg ringing and recovery or satellite tracking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements describes a behavior used to avoid adverse conditions?

    <p>Humpback whales swim from Alaska to Hawaii prior to the onset of winter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the three domains of life.

    <p>Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Give reasons why microorganisms are useful to humans?

    <p>Production of medicines, food products, and industrial enzymes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are three reasons why microorganisms are ideal for mass production of products?

    <p>Easy to grow (culture), reproduce and grow quickly, and produce a wide range of useful products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Give one example of an industrial process that utilizes microorganisms.

    <p>Fermentation of beer or bread using yeast.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which line in the table correctly matches the parts of the fermenter labeled X, Y, and Z with their respective function?

    <p>X: Maintaining temperature; Y: Controlling oxygen levels; Z: Maintaining sterility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Buffers are added to culture media to...

    <p>Maintain the pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mean generation time of a cell is the time it takes for the cell to divide in half.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a phase of microbial growth?

    <p>Metaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following phases of microbial growth with their descriptions.

    <p>Lag phase = Enzymes are induced to metabolize new substrates. Log/Exponential phase = Most rapid growth of microorganisms due to plentiful nutrients. Stationary phase = Nutrients in the culture media become depleted. Toxic secondary metabolites are produced. Death phase = Toxic accumulation of metabolites. Lack of nutrients in the culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are semi-logarithmic scales used in producing and/or interpreting growth curves of microorganisms?

    <p>The number of cells increases so rapidly during the log phase that the growth curve would be difficult to plot on normal graph paper.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain how scientists can increase the rate of mutagenesis.

    <p>By exposing microorganisms to mutagenic agents such as UV light, other forms of radiation, or chemicals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using recombinant yeast cells instead of bacteria for producing proteins?

    <p>Yeast cells are more likely to fold proteins correctly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pair of enzymes are required to produce a modified plasmid?

    <p>Ligase and Restriction endonuclease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain why bacteria that took up the modified plasmids will not have resistance to antibiotic Y.

    <p>The gene for resistance to antibiotic Y has been broken during the process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the importance of removing the EPO gene from a human chromosome using the same restriction endonuclease that was used to open the bacterial plasmid.

    <p>To ensure the sticky ends are complementary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the enzyme used to seal the EPO gene into the bacterial plasmid.

    <p>Ligase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain how a culture containing only transformed bacteria can be obtained.

    <p>Only those bacteria with the modified plasmid will be able to survive the antibiotic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the section of the modified plasmid that ensures it can be copied and passed to daughter cells.

    <p>Origin of replication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Suggest a reason why bacteria might produce an inactive form of EPO protein.

    <p>The protein may be folded incorrectly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Suggest how recombinant DNA technology could be used to produce an active form of the EPO protein.

    <p>Use yeast cells instead of bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one enzyme used in the process of recombinant DNA technology and state its function.

    <p>Restriction endonuclease: cuts target sequences of DNA/genes out. Ligase: seals gene into plasmid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe a procedure that would allow only cells containing the recombinant plasmid to be selected.

    <p>Grow the cells on ampicillin. Only modified cells survive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the process of horizontal gene transfer.

    <p>Plasmid/DNA/genes passed between bacteria horizontally.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain why it is important to maintain sterile conditions when culturing bacteria that can produce insulin.

    <p>To avoid contamination by other microorganisms, which may compete for resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are regions of non-coding DNA known as?

    <p>Introns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Give two uses of non-coding DNA.

    <p>Regulation of transcription and to code for non-coding RNA such as rRNA and tRNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do exons do?

    <p>They code for protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain how one gene can code for many proteins.

    <p>Alternative RNA splicing allows different sections of a gene to be joined together to produce different mRNA transcripts, resulting in different proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    State three methods of post-translational modification of polypeptides.

    <p>Cutting and combining polypeptide chains, adding a phosphate group, and adding carbohydrate groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following procedures could be used to improve bacterial species in industrial settings?

    <p>Exposure of existing strains to UV light and encouraging the uptake of plasmids by existing strains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might recombinant yeast cells be used to produce active forms of the protein which are inactive in bacteria?

    <p>Yeast, a eukaryote, can fold proteins correctly, while bacteria, a prokaryote, often cannot.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a vector in recombinant DNA technology?

    <p>To carry foreign genetic information into another cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are three essential components required for an effective plasmid vector?

    <p>A restriction site, selectable marker genes, and origin of replication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are three instances where restriction endonucleases are used?

    <p>To cut specific genes out of chromosomes, cut open bacterial plasmids, and to generate complementary sticky ends on the gene and plasmid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of ligase in the context of recombinant DNA technology?

    <p>Ligase is an enzyme that seals the gene into the plasmid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Suggest one reason why citrate was not produced until day 2 in the experiment?

    <p>The process was in the lag phase, during which enzymes are still being induced/produced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From the diagram, identify the enzyme that should be inhibited to increase citrate yield. Justify your choice.

    <p>Enzyme 2, because it converts citrate to an intermediate compound. Inhibiting enzyme 2 would prevent the conversion of citrate to the intermediate compound, leading to a higher accumulation of citrate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one substance that could be added to the fermenter to give an increased yield of citrate, apart from enzyme inhibitors.

    <p>Acetyl groups, pyruvate, oxaloacetate, inducers, or vitamins/fatty acids/beef extract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name a process that can improve a wild strain of a micro-organism to increase the yield of a desired product.

    <p>Mutagenesis or recombinant DNA technology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which line in the table correctly identifies the number of DNA fragments that would be obtained if a DNA strand was cut with the given endonucleases?

    <p>EcoRI: 4; SmaI: 2; HindIII: 1; EcoRI and HindIII: 5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which restriction endonuclease was used to remove a gene from a donor chromosome?

    <p>EcoR1.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the enzyme which would be used to seal the gene into the plasmid.

    <p>Ligase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Predict the number of colonies that would be expected to grow if the nutrient agar plate had contained the antibiotic ampicillin, given that the modified plasmid was introduced into bacterial cells.

    <ol start="50"> <li></li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    Name region X in the diagram, which ensures the modified plasmid will be passed on to daughter cells.

    <p>Origin of replication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In recombinant DNA technology, endonucleases are used to create blunt ends on DNA fragments.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct order of the five steps involved in recombinant DNA technology?

    <p>1, 2, 3, 4, 5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain how genes are often added as a safety mechanism to prevent the engineered organism from surviving in the external environment.

    <p>The genes are designed to prevent the organism from surviving in the external environment to reduce the risk of unwanted and uncontrolled dispersal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following procedures could be used to improve wild strains of certain microorganisms for industrial use?

    <p>1 and 2 only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    CfE Higher Biology - Unit 2: Metabolism and Survival

    • Key Area 4: Metabolism in Conformers and Regulators (a) Abiotic Factors
      • Abiotic factors that affect the variety of life in ecosystems include pH, temperature, salinity, and moisture.
      • External abiotic factors influence an organism's ability to maintain metabolic rate. Temperature, pH, and salinity are examples.

    Conformers

    • Conformers
      • An organism's internal environment depends entirely on its external environment.
      • Examples: Snakes, lizards, frogs
    • Advantages of being a conformer
      • Low metabolic costs as they do not use metabolism to control their internal environment.
    • Disadvantages of being a conformer
      • Restricted to a narrow ecological niche.
      • Less adaptable to environmental changes.
    • Behavioral strategies for conformers
      • Many conformers use behavioral responses which allow them to tolerate variations in their external environment to maintain their optimum metabolic rate.
      • Example: Lizards bask in the sunshine to raise their internal body temperature.

    Regulators

    • Regulators
      • Organisms maintain their internal environment regardless of external environmental changes using metabolism to control their internal environment.
    • Homeostasis
      • To maintain body's internal environment within tolerable limits (irrespective of external environmental changes).
    • Advantages of being a regulator
      • Organisms can occupy a wider range of ecological niches.
    • Disadvantages of being a regulator
      • This regulation requires energy for homeostasis, increasing metabolic costs.

    Conformers Vs Regulators

    • Graph analysis
      • Students should create a graph depicting the effects of increasing air temperature on conformers (line) and regulators (flat line) body temperatures.
      • Species X represents a conformer and Species Y a regulator according to provided graphs showing the relationship between air temperature and body temperature.

    Homework

    • Atlantic Salmon
      • Research why Atlantic Salmon can be considered both a conformer and a regulator.
      • Give an advantage and disadvantage of being an osmoregulator.
      • Create an A3 poster summarizing notes and comparing conformers and regulators.

    Question Time (2016)

    • Anabolic and catabolic reactions: Describe and compare anabolic and catabolic reactions.
    • Metabolism in conformers and regulators: Describe and compare metabolism in conformers and regulators.

    Key Area 5: Metabolism and Adverse Conditions (a) Surviving Adverse Conditions

    • Adverse conditions
      • Conditions that vary beyond tolerable limits for normal metabolic processes in organisms.
    • Survival strategies -Some animals adapt to survive adverse conditions while others avoid them.
      • Organisms survive adverse conditions by reducing metabolic rate. This occurs during a period of dormancy.

    Dormancy

    • Predictive
      • Dormancy that occurs before the adverse conditions arrive. Example: trees shedding leaves in autumn.
    • Consequential
      • Dormancy that occurs after the adverse conditions arrive. Examples include hibernation and aestivation.

    Hibernation, Aestivation, Daily Torpor

    • Hibernation: A form of dormancy that allows mammals to survive adverse conditions in winter by reducing metabolic rate when temperatures are low and food is scarce.
    • Aestivation: A form of dormancy used by animals to survive high temperatures and drought by keeping their metabolic rates at a minimum level.
    • Daily torpor: A period of reduced activity (every 24 hours) in organisms with high metabolic rates to save energy.

    Key Area 5: Metabolism and Adverse Conditions (b) Avoiding Adverse Conditions

    • Migration: A behavioral adaptation where organisms relocate to a more suitable environment to avoid metabolic adversity. Migration requires energy.

    Studying Migration

    • Reasons for studying migrating organisms: Scientists study migratory organisms to understand how they adjust to different environments.
    • Techniques for studying migration: Leg ringing and recovery, satellite tracking.
    • Innate and learned behaviours: Innate behaviours are inherited and inflexible playing a primary role in migration; Learned behaviours are influenced by an organism's experiences and are flexible, playing a secondary role in migration.
    • Displacement experiments, directional tendencies, cross-fostering.

    Question Time (Various years)

    • Questions on conformity and regulation of organisms/animals in different conditions. This includes metabolic rate, graphs, examples and identifying the methods of avoiding adverse conditions. There are questions on hibernation, aestivation, daily torpor, and migration.
    • Questions include topics on the three domains of life and the reasons why microorganisms are useful for humans, environmental control of metabolism in microorganisms, phases of growth and the growth of microorganisms. These could include examples of secondary metabolism, fermenters and the role/use of buffers.

    Question Time (2013 - Q9 printed copy, etc.):

    • Questions using diagrams and tables including questions on the effect of antibiotics on bacterial species, controlling the pH of a culture medium.
    • Questions on growth phases i.e. lag, log, stationary and death

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