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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of Sales in financial management?

Sales is the activity related to selling goods or services, or the amount of goods or services sold, in a given period. The seller or provider completes a sale in response to an acquisition, appropriation, requisition, or direct interaction with the buyer at the point of sale.

What is the definition of Revenue in financial management?

Revenue is the total amount of money that a company receives during a specific period, including discounts and deductions for returned merchandise.

What is the definition of Cost of Good Sold in financial management?

Cost of Good Sold is the direct costs associated with producing the goods sold by a company, including the cost of materials and direct labor used in creating the goods.

What is Cash on Hand in financial management?

<p>Cash on Hand is the amount of money in the form of cash that a company has after it has paid all of its costs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Inventory in financial management?

<p>Inventory is the array of finished goods or goods used in production held by a company.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Business Asset in financial management?

<p>A business asset is a piece of property or equipment purchased exclusively or primarily for business use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of Current Assets in financial management?

<p>Current Assets are balance sheet accounts representing the value of all <strong>assets</strong> that can be converted into cash within one year.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Short-Term Asset in financial management?

<p>A short-term asset is an asset that a business expects to sell, convert to cash, or liquidate within one year to pay for liabilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an Operating Asset in financial management?

<p>Operating Assets are those assets acquired for use in the ongoing operations of a business; these are assets that businesses need to generate revenue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of Capitalized Assets in financial management?

<p>Capitalized Assets refer to the act of recording a cost or expense on the balance sheet for the purpose of delaying full recognition of the expense.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Tangible Asset in financial management?

<p>A Tangible Asset is an <strong>asset</strong> that has a physical form.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Accounts Receivable in financial management?

<p>Accounts Receivable is money owed to a firm for goods or services that have been delivered or used but not yet paid for.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Accounts Payable in financial management?

<p>Accounts Payable is an accounting entry that represents a company's obligation to pay off short-term debt to its creditors or suppliers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Notes Payable in financial management?

<p>Notes Payable is a written promissory note outlining a borrower's agreement to pay back a specific amount with interest over a predetermined period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define Accruals in financial management.

<p>Accruals are earned revenues and incurred expenses that have an overall impact on an income statement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Long Term Debt in financial management?

<p>Long Term Debt consists of loans and financial obligations lasting over one year.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Common Stock in financial management?

<p>Common Stock is a security that represents ownership in a corporation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Retained Earnings in financial management?

<p>Retained Earnings are the net earnings after dividends that are available for reinvestment in the company's core business or to pay down its debt.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define Liabilities in financial management.

<p>Liabilities are legally binding financial debts or obligations a company incurs during business operations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Equity in financial management?

<p>Equity is the value of an asset less the amount of all liabilities on that asset.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Depreciation in financial management?

<p>Depreciation is an accounting method for allocating the cost of a tangible asset over its useful life to account for declines in value over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Amortization in financial management?

<p>Amortization is an accounting technique used to lower the cost value of a finite life or intangible asset over time in a systematic manner through scheduled charges to income.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Interest Expense in financial management?

<p>Interest Expense is a non-operating expense shown on the income statement that represents interest payable on any borrowings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Net Income in financial management?

<p>Net Income is equal to net earnings (profit) calculated as sales less COGS, SG&amp;A, operating expenses, depreciation, interest, taxes, and other expenses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is SGA (alternately SGA, SAG or SGNA) in financial management?

<p>SGA is an initialism that represents Selling, General and Administrative Expenses, which is a major non-production cost presented in the income statement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the components of Total L & E on a balance sheet?

<p>Long-term Debt, Common Stock, Retained Earnings, and Total Current Liabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general formula for calculating After Tax Operating Income?

<p>AT operating income = EBIT (1 – tax rate)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general formula for calculating Net Operating Working Capital?

<p>NOWC = Current Assets - (Current Liabilities - Notes Payable)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general formula for calculating Free Cash Flow?

<p>FCF = [EBIT(1 - T) + Depreciation and Amortization] - [Capital Expenditures + ΔNOWC]</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general formula for calculating Market Value Added?

<p>MVA = Market Value of Equity - Book Value of Equity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general formula for calculating Economic Value Added?

<p>EVA = [EBIT(1 - T) - Investor-supplied capital * Cost of capital]</p> Signup and view all the answers

A negative free cash flow is always a sign of a company’s poor financial health.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

If EVA is positive, then a company has a positive MVA.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

A company’s expansion is always beneficial. Companies with an expansion will also have a greater net income.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

It’s a good sign when a company’s accounts payable increases dramatically over time.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

A company’s expansion will always lead to a greater net operating working capital.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a company is considering changing its credit terms for customers, it should disregard competitors’ credit terms.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

It is only necessary to consider competitors’ credit terms when setting up a new business.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a company is considering extending its credit terms, the company must consider the impact on its need for financing in the short run.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

When considering financing options, it is important to compare the cost of financing with the expected return on investment.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

A business that is struggling to pay its obligations must find a way to finance the expansion in order to improve its financial health.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Changes to depreciation calculations can affect the amount of tax that a company pays.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The corporate tax rate in the US is considered a flat rate.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dividends paid by a company are not taxable.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

A tax loss carry-back can be used to offset profits in prior years.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Capital gains are treated the same way for individuals and corporations in the US tax system.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Financial Management Terminology

  • Sales is the activity of selling goods or services during a specific time period. A sale occurs when a seller interacts with a buyer (e.g., through an acquisition, appropriation, requisition, or direct interaction) at the point of sale.

Financial Management Terminology

  • Revenue is the total amount of money a company receives from sales during a specific time period, including discounts and deductions for returned merchandise. It's the top line or gross income figure.

Financial Management Terminology

  • Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) are direct costs associated with producing goods sold by a company. These costs include materials and direct labor. COGS is also referred to as "cost of sales."

Financial Management Terminology

  • Cash on Hand is the amount of money a company has remaining after paying all its costs. It's shown at the top of the assets side of a balance sheet.

Financial Management Terminology

  • Inventory is the collection of finished goods or goods used in production that a company holds. Inventory is a current asset on a company's balance sheet.

Financial Management Terminology

  • Assets are any piece of property or equipment owned by a business and used exclusively for business purposes. Assets can be categorized as current or non-current, short-term or long-term, operating or capitalized, and tangible or intangible.

Financial Management Terminology

  • Current Assets represent assets anticipated to convert to cash within one year. Examples include cash, cash equivalents, accounts receivable, inventory, and marketable securities.

Financial Management Terminology

  • Non-Current Assets are long-term investments where the full value won't be realized within the accounting year. This includes investments in other companies, intellectual property (e.g., patents), and property, plant, and equipment.

Financial Management Terminology

  • Short-Term Assets are assets expected to be sold, converted to cash, or liquidated to pay off liabilities within one year. These include cash, marketable securities, and trade accounts receivable.

Financial Management Terminology

  • Long-Term Assets (Non-current assets) are assets not expected to be turned into cash or consumed within one year of the balance sheet date. Common examples include long-term investments, property, plant, equipment, and intangible assets.

Financial Management Terminology

  • Operating Assets are assets used in the ongoing operations of a business to generate revenue. These include cash, prepaid expenses, and accounts receivable.

Financial Management Terminology

  • Capitalized Assets are costs recorded on the balance sheet to postpone recognizing the expense. This is most beneficial when the asset has a long lifespan allowing the costs to be amortized.

Financial Management Terminology

  • Tangible Assets are assets with a physical form, including machinery, buildings, land, and inventory.

Financial Management Terminology

  • Intangible Assets lack a physical form, and include patents, copyrights, trademarks, goodwill, and brand recognition.

Financial Management Terminology

  • Accounts Receivable is the amount of money owed to a company by customers for goods or services delivered but not yet paid.

Financial Management Terminology

  • Accounts Payable represents a company's obligation to pay off short-term debts to suppliers or creditors. The term is also used to describe a department responsible for making such payments.

Financial Management Terminology

  • Notes Payable is a written promissory note, where a borrower agrees to pay back a specific amount of money, with interest, over a predetermined period. A loan to a company by a bank is an example.

Financial Management Terminology

  • Accruals are earned revenues and incurred expenses impacting the income statement and balance sheet. They reflect non-cash transactions.

Financial Management Terminology

  • Long-Term Debt constitutes loans and financial obligations lasting more than one year. This includes obligations for financing or leasing coming due after a 12-month period.

Financial Management Terminology

  • Common Stock represents ownership in a corporation. Holders of common stock elect a board of directors and participate in corporate policy decisions.

Financial Management Terminology

  • Retained Earnings are the portion of a company's net earnings after dividends that's reinvested in the company's core business or used to pay down debt. It is part of shareholders' equity.

Financial Management Terminology

  • Liabilities represent a company's financial obligations or debts arising in the course of business operations. Recorded on the right-hand side of the balance sheet, examples include loans, accounts payable, mortgages, deferred revenues, and accrued expenses.

Financial Management Terminology

  • Equity is the value of an asset less its liabilities, providing a measure of ownership or residual claim on assets. This is represented as Assets - Liabilities = Equity.

Financial Management Terminology

  • Depreciation is a method to allocate the cost of a tangible asset over its useful lifespan and account for its decline in value over time. This is used for both tax and accounting reasons.

Financial Management Terminology

  • Amortization is lowering the cost of a finite or intangible asset incrementally over its life through regular payments. It's often used to spread out capital expenses over time (like mortgages or car loans). Amortization also refers to depreciating the value of intangibles like goodwill, patents, or copyrights.

Financial Management Terminology

  • Interest Expense is a non-operating expense. It represents interest payable on any borrowing (bonds, loans, convertible debt, or lines of credit). It's calculated as the interest rate multiplied by the outstanding principal amount of the debt featured on the income statement.

Financial Management Terminology

  • Net Income represents a company's profit after accounting for all expenses (including COGS, SG&A, operating expenses, depreciation, interest, taxes, and others). It's also an individual's income after taxes and deductions.

Financial Management Terminology

  • SG&A (Selling, General, and Administrative) expenses are significant non-production costs shown on an income statement (or statement of profit or loss).

Financial Data

  • Includes balance sheet and income statement data for 2011 and 2012. Provides a snapshot of a company's performance, including sales, COGs, SG&A, Depreciation & Amortization, Earnings Before Interest & Taxes, Interest Expense, Earnings Before Taxes, and income statement information. Data includes other figures like lease payments, common stock, and retained earnings.

Financial Statement Details

  • A statement of cash flow for 2012 is provided. This statement details cash flows from operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities. Also included is data on changes in working capital, depreciation, amortization and other financial adjustments.

Financial Analysis

  • Includes a summary of conclusions about the financial conditions of a company based on its statement of cash flows showing the impact of an expansion on its operating income, net operating working capital and free cash flow for 2012.

Financial Analysis

  • Details an analysis of whether the firm's sales price exceeds its cost per unit sold, based on the analysis of their income statement.

Financial Analysis

  • Possible scenarios involving changes in credit terms (30-day vs. 60-day) for customers.

Financial Analysis

  • Discusses the firm's financing strategy for expansion. The discussion points include the use of external capital (loans) and the impact of debts.

Financial Analysis

  • Includes an analysis to determine whether the company required external capital if it had broken even in financial performance in 2012.

Financial Analysis

  • Presents an analysis of the effects of adjusting asset depreciation periods on financial results, considering the possible impact on financial statements.

Performance Measures

  • Presents measures (Market Value Added, and Economic Value Added) for evaluating managerial performance, emphasizing that traditional accounting statements aren't sufficient for this.

Tax System Overview

  • Discusses types of tax systems (individual and corporate).

Taxes and Their Impact

  • Presents comparisons of corporate taxes versus personal income taxes, highlighting the progressive structure. The effects of various financial transactions on taxes (e.g. interest paid/earned, dividend received) are also covered.

Additional Tax Issues

  • Presents ideas related to tax loss carry-back/carry-forward, treatment of capital gains, and corporate vs. personal taxation. Shows how different aspects of taxation may affect company operations.

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