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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of hemoglobin in erythrocytes?

  • To regulate blood pressure
  • To maintain body temperature
  • To transport nutrients to body tissues
  • To facilitate the reversible binding of oxygen and carbon dioxide (correct)

What is the normal approximate hematocrit percentage in healthy men?

  • 45% (correct)
  • 38%
  • 48%
  • 42%

Which part of the heart is responsible for the flow of blood to the lungs?

  • Right atrium
  • Left atrium
  • Right ventricle (correct)
  • Left ventricle

What role do the semilunar valves play in the heart?

<p>They prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles during diastole (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle?

<p>Tricuspid valve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary composition of the endocardium?

<p>Endothelial cells and connective tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of chordae tendinae in the heart?

<p>To anchor the atrioventricular valves (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase do the atrioventricular valves prevent backflow of blood?

<p>Ventricular systole (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the myocardium?

<p>Contract to pump blood throughout the circulatory system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the heart is directly in contact with the heart muscle?

<p>Myocardium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do the gap junctions between cardiac cells serve?

<p>They allow for rapid spread of action potentials (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the pericardium?

<p>To anchor the heart to surrounding structures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blood vessel carries blood away from the heart?

<p>Pulmonary artery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tunic is the innermost layer of blood vessels?

<p>Tunica intima (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a component of the pacemaker cells' function?

<p>Control blood pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the pericardial cavity contain that aids in heart movement?

<p>Pericardial fluid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the sinoatrial (SA) node in the heart?

<p>It generates the action potential that controls heart rate. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the heart initiates depolarization spreading throughout the atria?

<p>Sinoatrial (SA) node (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of gap junctions in cardiac muscle?

<p>To allow action potentials to spread between cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the action potential travel from the atria to the ventricles?

<p>Via the Atrioventricular (AV) node (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the heart rate according to the functioning of the SA node?

<p>The discharge rate of the SA node (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the defined cutoff for a positive exercise test result in exercise-induced bronchospasm?

<p>A decrease of 15% in FEV1 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long after exercise should spirometry be performed to assess exercise-induced bronchospasm?

<p>15-30 minutes after exercise (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the heart as a dual pump?

<p>Both sides function independently but pump blood simultaneously. (B), The left side pumps blood to the systemic circuit while the right side pumps to the lungs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the conduction system of the heart?

<p>It includes specialized cardiac cells with low electrical resistance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is NOT known to mimic asthma?

<p>Pneumonia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the sequence of contraction in the heart's pumping action?

<p>Atria contract first followed by ventricles. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In asthma management, what characterizes a 'Well-Controlled' patient?

<p>Has minimal or no symptoms and low reliance on rescue medication (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common method used by clinicians to evaluate asthma control?

<p>Asthma Control Test (ACT) or Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines an 'Uncontrolled' asthma patient?

<p>Frequent symptoms and high use of rescue inhalers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT contribute to asthma control assessment?

<p>Dietary habits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is typically expected in lung function for a 'Partially Controlled' asthma patient?

<p>Lung function reduced compared to personal best (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the non-pharmacological treatment strategies for managing symptoms in patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD)?

<p>Identifying and removing environmental triggers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of advanced ILD, what role does palliative care serve?

<p>To alleviate symptoms and improve comfort (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When might lung transplantation be considered for patients with ILD?

<p>In patients who are physically and psychologically robust (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of supplemental oxygen therapy in patients experiencing hypoxia due to ILD?

<p>To significantly improve symptoms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pharmacological treatment can be used for rapidly progressive non-IPF ILDs?

<p>Corticosteroids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common underlying medical issue that should be addressed in patients with ILD?

<p>Autoimmune diseases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can structured pulmonary rehabilitation programs provide for patients with ILD?

<p>Exercise training and education (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might characterize type 1 respiratory failure related to fibrosis progression?

<p>Hypoxemia without hypercapnia, with normal PaCO2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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