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Questions and Answers
Which key combination is used to turn off the yellow LED?
What is the associative property of the multiplicative operators in C++?
What happens when you press ‘8’ in the LED control scheme?
Which of these operators is unary according to the common C++ operators?
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In the Arduino Uno pinout configuration, which is used for input voltage?
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What type of operators are both ‘&’ and ‘^’ considered?
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Which of the following operations has the highest precedence level in C++?
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What does pressing ‘4’ do in the LED control system?
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Which of the following is NOT a logical operator in C++?
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Which keyword is likely to be found in the list of common C++ keywords?
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Study Notes
Arduino Programming and Hardware Setup
- The loop() function can incorporate custom blinking functions to simplify code.
- Utilize
blink(LED_BLUE, 1000, 5)for a fast blink andblink(LED_BLUE, 4000, 5)for a slower blink. - Two I2C ports allow connections to various devices: DS1307 RTC, I2C 1602 LCD, PCA9685 12-bit PWM Servo motor Driver, etc.
- A UART port facilitates connections with serial devices like MP3 players, Bluetooth modules, and RFID readers.
- Rich Shield integrates an Infrared Receiver for use with an external IR remote controller.
Pin Configuration for Rich Shield
-
Analog Pins:
- A0: Blue Knob/Potentiometer
- A1: NTC Temperature Sensor
- A2: LDR (Light Dependent Resistor)
- A3: External Voltage Source
-
Digital Pins:
- 0: Rx
- 1: Tx
- 2: IR Receiver
- 3-5: PWM pins for LEDs
- 4: LED1 (Red), 5: LED2 (Green), 6: LED3 (Blue), 7: LED4 (Yellow)
- 8-12: Button switches (KEY0, KEY1), CLK for TM1637, DIO for TM1637, and DHT sensor
- 13: Uno Inbuilt LED
Working with Sensors
- The Blue Knob is an analog input without needing
pinMode()to set it as input. - The
analogRead(A0)function returns values from 0 to 1023, representing a 10-bit digitized signal. - Potentiometers can simulate various sensors, including water level, distance, and pressure sensors.
- LDRs, connected to analog pin A2, indicate light presence and intensity, with resistance dropping as light increases.
- Typical light resistance values: >1 MΩ in darkness, <1 kΩ in bright light, with response time being 2-50 ms.
Temperature and Humidity Handling
- Use DHT sensor functions
dht.readHumidity()anddht.readTemperature()to obtain environmental data. - Check for valid data with
isnan(), and if invalid, calldisplayError(). - Valid temperature and humidity readings displayed with
displayTemperature(int8_t)anddisplayHumidity(int8_t), respectively. - Implement display functions to format and show temperature correctly, including handling negative values.
C++ Programming Basics
- Operands in C++ have different types, associativity, and precedence.
- Common operators include unary, multiplicative, additive, relational, equality, bitwise, logical, and assignment operators.
General Recommendations
- Draw a block diagram and flowchart before coding to visualize program structure.
- Implement user-defined functions for modular and clearer code organization.
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