4th Industrial Revolution and ICTs Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the main difference between the Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) of the Sumerian period and those of the period between Johann Gutenberg and Alan Turing?

  • Sumerian ICTs were more advanced than those between Gutenberg and Turing, as they were based on clay tablets.
  • Sumerian ICTs were primarily used for recording and transmitting information, while later ICTs developed processing capabilities. (correct)
  • Sumerian ICTs were used for agricultural purposes, while later ICTs focused on business and social applications.
  • ICTs between Gutenberg and Turing were limited to printing technology, while Sumerian ICTs were more diverse.
  • What is the main impact of ICTs on contemporary society, as described in the text?

  • ICTs are replacing traditional forms of communication and interaction.
  • ICTs are causing a decline in the importance of physical infrastructure.
  • ICTs are creating a new era of hyperhistory, profoundly transforming our way of life. (correct)
  • ICTs are leading to a rapid increase in the use of agricultural technologies.
  • Why is the current technological revolution referred to as the 4th Industrial Revolution?

  • It involves a radical transformation of production, consumption, transportation, and delivery systems. (correct)
  • It is the first time that technology is being used for global communication and collaboration.
  • It marks the first time that technology is impacting both business and society.
  • It is the first time that technology has been used to create new forms of artificial intelligence.
  • What is the main point of the statement "It is the context of business today" regarding the 4th Industrial Revolution?

    <p>The 4th Industrial Revolution is forcing businesses to adopt new technologies and strategies to stay relevant. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two instances in which cultural diversity challenges business ethics, according to Mele' (2009)?

    <p>When personal or social moral or religious beliefs and values clash with the dominant culture of the workplace, and when a company operates in a cultural environment in which the local values and the values of the company are different or even in tension. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some key aspects of the 4th Industrial Revolution that have implications for society?

    <p>Changes in the nature of work, education, and governance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four approaches to dealing with cultural diversity in business ethics?

    <p>Cultural Relativism, Cultural Pluralism, Universalism, Cultural Imperialism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key disagreements about AI that the author highlights?

    <p>The definition of human consciousness and what it means to be human. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately reflects the text's perspective on the impact of ICTs?

    <p>ICTs have always been a driving force in human progress, and their impact is only increasing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main implication of the author's statement "Ethical neutrality does not exist!"?

    <p>AI developers have a responsibility to consider ethical implications. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between "hyperhistory" and the 4th Industrial Revolution, as presented in the text?

    <p>Hyperhistory is a consequence of the 4th Industrial Revolution, driven by rapid technological advancements and interconnectedness. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the text regarding the 4th Industrial Revolution?

    <p>To explore the historical context and evolution of ICTs leading to the 4th Industrial Revolution. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a potential impact of AI on human work?

    <p>Enhanced creativity and innovation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the "problem of many hands" refer to in the context of AI ethics?

    <p>The difficulty of identifying individual responsibility for AI-related ethical issues. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Mele' (2009), what is the primary challenge to business ethics posed by cultural diversity?

    <p>The potential for ethical dilemmas to arise when company values clash with local values. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main message conveyed in the text about the future of work?

    <p>The future of work will bring both challenges and opportunities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the provided link to "https://openai.com/blog/chatgpt"?

    <p>To demonstrate the capabilities of AI language models. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an approach to dealing with cultural diversity in business ethics, according to the text?

    <p>Cultural Adaptation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Morgan Stanley Next Best Action case?

    <p>It provides an example of how AI can be used to personalize financial offerings. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key takeaway from the article " What ethics can say on artificial intelligence: Insights from a systematic literature review"?

    <p>Ethical considerations are crucial for the responsible development and use of AI. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cultural relativism state?

    <p>That different cultures cannot be judged, they are simply different. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a criticism of cultural relativism?

    <p>It prevents any moral progress, making it difficult to address unethical practices. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason why cultural relativism may not be suitable for business activity?

    <p>It makes it difficult for businesses to establish trust and build stable relationships. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two shared principles that allow a market to function?

    <p>Honoring agreements and avoiding lies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concern about the application of cultural relativism to business?

    <p>It can make it difficult for businesses to operate ethically in diverse environments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, how can cultural diversity impact moral judgment within different cultural groups?

    <p>It can influence moral judgment based on historical and social conditions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a criticism of cultural relativism as mentioned in the content?

    <p>Cultural diversity proves the truth of cultural relativism. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the content suggest that some moral rules are common to all societies?

    <p>Because these rules are necessary for the survival of any society. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a key characteristic of Moderate Universalism?

    <p>It believes that these values should be applied universally without any context (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a source for the Ten Principles of the United Nations Global Compact?

    <p>The Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the concept of 'Stewardship for the environment' discussed in the text?

    <p>The idea that humans have a responsibility to protect and care for the environment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an international standard for business?

    <p>The United Nations Global Compact (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best reflects the connection between the Golden Rule and Moderate Universalism?

    <p>The Golden Rule serves as a practical application of universal ethical values, promoting empathy and understanding across cultural differences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately reflects the text's perspective on the relationship between cultural diversity and business ethics?

    <p>Cultural diversity presents challenges to business ethics, requiring careful consideration of different values and perspectives. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an example of a common moral intuition discussed in the text?

    <p>The Respect for Individual Rights (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately reflects the relationship between the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the UN Global Compact?

    <p>The UN Global Compact draws its principles from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international agreements. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Schwab (2017), what is one effect of the Fourth Industrial Revolution on business across industries?

    <p>Formation of new partnerships due to the importance of collaboration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which time period is associated with the production innovation of 'Mass Production'?

    <p>late 19th – early 20th Century (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What production innovation is attributed to the late 18th – early 19th Century?

    <p>Mechanization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main argument regarding the Fourth Industrial Revolution's impact on inequality, according to Schwab (2017)?

    <p>Inequality will increase due to the benefits going primarily to those with capital. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the chapter titled 'The Technology' mentioned in the content?

    <p>Ethical implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is not an effect of the Fourth Industrial Revolution on business, as mentioned by Schwab (2017)?

    <p>Decreased use of automation in business processes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which time period is associated with the production innovation of 'Digitalization of processes'?

    <p>late 20th Century (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chapter titled The Technology written by Coeckelbergh, M. (2020) primarily aiming to do?

    <p>Provide a basic understanding of AI (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Agricultural Technologies

    Technological advancements in farming that increased productivity and efficiency.

    Sumerian ICTs

    Information and Communication Technologies developed by the Sumerians that enabled recording and transmitting information.

    Processing Capabilities

    The ability to process information, which evolved from basic recording and transmitting to more complex computations.

    Johann Gutenberg

    Inventor of the printing press around 1440, revolutionizing the production of written material.

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    Alan Turing

    Mathematician and computer scientist known for his work in early computer science and artificial intelligence.

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    4th Industrial Revolution

    A phase of technological advancement characterized by the fusion of physical, digital, and biological systems.

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    Global Impact

    The widespread effect of the 4th Industrial Revolution on economies and societies around the world.

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    Moral Agency in Business

    The capacity of businesses to make ethical decisions and understand their consequences in society.

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    Fourth Industrial Revolution

    A period of rapid technological change marked by advancements in AI, IoT, and data processing.

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    Impact on customer expectations

    Refers to how customers' needs and desires are evolving due to technological advancements.

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    Data-enhanced products

    Products that utilize data to improve performance and productivity.

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    New partnerships

    Collaborations formed between companies in response to technological changes.

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    Transforming operating models

    Changing traditional business structures into digital formats.

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    Wealth inequality

    The growing gap in wealth between capital owners and laborers in the economy.

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    AI Ethics

    The principles guiding the moral implications of artificial intelligence.

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    Technological Change

    The ongoing evolution of technology that impacts business and society.

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    Nature of Humanity

    The fundamental essence that defines humans, including intelligence and consciousness.

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    Impact on Work

    How AI influences job roles, tasks, and workplace environments.

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    Moral Agency in AI

    The concept of responsibility concerning decisions made by AI systems.

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    Problem of Many Hands

    A challenge in determining responsibility when multiple parties are involved.

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    Ethical Neutrality

    The belief that technology and AI are inherently neutral and do not affect ethics.

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    Future of Work

    The evolving relationship between work and technology, especially AI.

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    AI and Creativity

    The discussion regarding AI's ability to replicate or inspire human creativity.

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    Cultural Diversity

    The variety of cultural or ethnic groups within a society.

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    Business Ethics

    Moral principles that guide the way a business behaves.

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    Moral Conflict

    A situation where personal values clash with workplace culture.

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    Cultural Relativism

    The idea that a person's beliefs and activities should be understood based on that person's own culture.

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    Cultural Imperialism

    The practice of promoting one culture at the expense of others.

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    Cultural Pluralism

    Coexistence of multiple cultures in a society, with mutual respect.

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    Universal Principles

    Ethical values that are considered to apply to all people, regardless of culture.

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    Mele’s Assertion

    Mele’ suggests business ethics are challenged by cultural diversity.

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    Ethical Relativism

    The idea that validity of moral principles is dependent on cultural context; no universal values exist.

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    Criticisms of Cultural Relativism

    Challenges include its inability to account for universal values and moral progress.

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    Common Values in Business

    Certain moral principles must be shared for successful business transactions, such as honesty and agreement.

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    Historical Influence on Morality

    Moral judgments can be affected by historical context and societal beliefs.

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    Moral Progress

    The improvement of moral standards in society; the idea that some practices are better than others.

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    Essential Moral Rules

    Fundamental rules, like honoring agreements and avoiding lies, necessary for societal existence.

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    Absolute Universalism

    Kant's ethical theory emphasizing universal moral principles applicable to all.

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    Moderate Universalism

    Acknowledges universal ethical values but applies them with practical wisdom.

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    Human Dignity

    The inherent worth of all individuals, foundational to moral frameworks.

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    Golden Rule

    The ethical principle of treating others as you wish to be treated.

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    Stewardship for the environment

    Responsibility toward protecting and managing natural resources.

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    Universal Declaration for Human Rights

    A 1948 UN document outlining fundamental human rights for all individuals.

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    United Nations Global Compact

    Calls companies to uphold universal principles in human rights, labor, and environment.

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    Ten Principles of UN Global Compact

    Derived from major human rights and labor treaties promoting ethical business practices.

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    Study Notes

    Course Title and Details

    • Course Title: Ethics for Business and Technology
    • Course Code: BAA1029
    • Instructor: Dr. Marta Rocchi
    • Year: 2025

    Course Outline

    • Fourth Industrial Revolution: The Context of Business Today
    • Cultural Diversity
    • Cultural Relativism, Cultural Imperialism, Pluralism, and Universalism
    • International Standards for Business
    • International Standards for Technology

    References

    • Coeckelbergh, M. (2020). Al Ethics. The MIT Press.
    • Davenport, T. H., & Miller, S. M. (2022). Working with Al: Real Stories of Human-Machine Collaboration. The MIT Press.
    • Floridi, L. (2014). The 4th Revolution: How the Infosphere Is Reshaping Human Reality. Oxford University Press.
    • Schwab, K. (2017). The Fourth Industrial Revolution. Penguin.

    Time – Prehistory, History, Hyperhistory

    • Chapter 1 of Floridi's book, "The Fourth Industrial Revolution," was discussed in class as context for the module.
    • The invention and development of information and communication technologies (ICTs) marked a significant transition from prehistory to history.
    • Humanity entered into history when systems were developed to record and accumulate information.
    • History is synonymous with the information age.
    • The current era, characterized by hyperhistory, is defined by a profound dependence on ICTs.

    Why 4th Industrial Revolution

    • It's the context of business today.
    • Transforms daily life, work, and business.
    • Impacts business globally.
    • Changes production, consumption, transportation, and delivery systems.
    • Impacts society, government, and education.
    • Impacts the concept of moral agency in business.

    1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Industrial Revolutions

    • 1st: Steam Engine, 18th Century, focused on production mechanization.
    • 2nd: Electricity, Early 19-20th Century, focused on mass production.
    • 3rd: Computers and digitalization of processes, Latter Half of the 20th Century.
    • 4th: Intelligent systems, AI, big data, Internet of Things, Early 21st Century.

    Impact on Business

    • Customer expectations are changing and are data-driven.
    • Products are enhanced by data, improving business productivity.
    • New partnerships are formed, stressing the importance of collaboration.
    • Business operating models are being transformed into entirely digital models.

    4th Industrial Revolution - Inequalities

    • The 4th Industrial Revolution's beneficiaries are providers of intellectual or physical capital.
    • This contributes to a widening gap in wealth between labor-dependent and capital-owning individuals.

    Your Reading - Chapter 5 - The Technology

    • Read Chapter 5 on technology in the specified text.

    AI Ethics

    • Chapter 5 of the text by Coeckelbergh.
    • Deep disagreements exist regarding human nature, intelligence, consciousness, and other aspects related to the human condition.
    • Issues like the accountability of AI systems, the ethical neutrality of systems, and many-hands problems are important considerations for ethics in the context.

    EU AI Act 2024

    • Three risk categories exist, according to the EU AI Act 2024: unacceptable, high, limited, and minimal.

    Cultural Diversity in Business

    • Cultural diversity is a fact.
    • It's important to address cultural diversity, as it's relevant to business ethics.
    • Differences in moral or religious beliefs and values can clash with the dominant workplace culture.
    • Conducting business in different cultural contexts presents challenges.
    • Values to consider: cultural relativism, cultural imperialism, pluralism, universalism.

    Cultural Relativism

    • Moral principles and justifications vary across cultures.
    • Universal moral values may not exist.
    • Judging different cultures based on one's own values is problematic.
    • Critiques exist, as it may not account for moral progress.

    Cultural Imperialism

    • One culture's dominance over another.
    • Cultural imperialism occurs when a dominant culture imposes its values and practices on other cultures.
    • Businesses practicing this form of imperialism are compared to neo-colonialism.

    Pluralism

    • Acknowledges the existence of different moral views within a given society.
    • Seeks a consensus on shared principles.

    Universalism

    • Universal values and principles transcend specific cultures.
    • These universal values can help define and promote fairness and ethical conduct.

    Common Moral Intuitions

    • Respect for human dignity
    • The "golden rule" of treating others as one would want to be treated.
    • Responsibility to care for the environment. Also mentioned in UN rights.

    International Standards for Business

    • The United Nations Global Compact provides principles for responsible management.
    • Business education programs that uphold global responsible practices are also a key part of it.
    • The International Labour Organization's work standards can also be included.

    International Standards for Technology

    • The EU AI Act 2024 establishes categories for AI risk levels, from unacceptable to minimal.

    Future of Work

    • Readings related to the future of work, such as cases studies of the effects of AI on business will be included in the course.

    Work - Not a Task-Performing Activity

    • Work is an empowering practice.
    • Reframing the way that we think about how AI may affect work is needed.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the evolution of Information and Communication Technologies from the Sumerian period to the 4th Industrial Revolution. This quiz covers the impacts of technological advancements on contemporary society and ethical considerations in business. Explore key aspects and challenges in the new digital age.

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