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Untitled Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is a tact?

A verbal operant under the functional control of a nonverbal discriminative stimulus that produces generalized conditioned reinforcement.

What does Training Echoic Behavior involve?

The speaker says words that are the same as another person's words and the listener gives a generalized reinforcer.

What is an echoic?

A verbal operant that consists of a verbal SD with point-to-point correspondence and formal similarities.

What is Training Intraverbal Behavior?

<p>The speaker says words that are different from another person's words and the listener gives a generalized reinforcer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an intraverbal?

<p>A verbal operant that consists of a verbal SD that evokes a verbal response without point-to-point correspondence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Teaching Joint Attention involve?

<p>Can include referencing an object with eye gaze, pointing, verbal communication, and non-verbal communication cues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Joint Attention?

<p>Mutual sharing of experiences, activities, or objects with friends, teachers, or parents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are aspects included in Teaching Play Skills?

<p>Includes parallel play, interactive play, pretend play, figurine play, organized game play, and video game play.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Teaching Motor Skills encompass?

<p>Includes fine and gross motor movements, utilizing strategies like imitation, shaping, and promoting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Teaching Adaptive and Safety Skills aim for?

<p>Increases the client's ability to perform daily activities independently and safely.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What skills are included in Teaching Social Skills?

<p>Eye contact, imitation, greetings, sharing, turn-taking, and understanding emotions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Teaching Cognition Skills about?

<p>Refers to the ability to utilize knowledge, understanding, and body senses for learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do Teaching Executive Function Skills encompass?

<p>Includes attention, impulse control, working memory, planning, and reasoning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Teaching Academic Skills include?

<p>Skills may include social readiness, numbers, letters, phonics, and maintaining attention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Visual Supports?

<p>Tools and strategies to help organize information for client success.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Curriculum Modification?

<p>Refers to modifications made to content, instruction, and responses based on client needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Behavior Intervention Plan?

<p>Plans developed to guide reducing inappropriate behaviors while teaching appropriate replacements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Target Behavior?

<p>Can be problem behavior or acquisition behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an Operational Definition?

<p>An exact definition that is observable and measurable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a Functional Behavior Assessment determine?

<p>Factors leading to maintaining problem behavior through analysis of antecedents and consequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an Escape Function?

<p>Occurs to escape or avoid an aversive stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an Attention Function?

<p>Occurs to gain the attention of others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Access to Tangible Function?

<p>Seeking behaviors to gain access to an item or activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Automatic Function?

<p>Behaviors that occur because they feel good and do not require another person.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Antecedent Interventions?

<p>A behavior change strategy that manipulates antecedent stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Functional Communication Training (FCT)?

<p>An antecedent intervention teaching appropriate communicative behavior to replace problem behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Token Economy?

<p>A system in which tokens are earned for appropriate behavior and exchanged for reinforcement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a High-P Request Sequence?

<p>An antecedent intervention presenting easy tasks before a target request.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Noncontingent Reinforcement?

<p>Reinforcing the client without specific demands in place.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Replacement Behavior?

<p>Teaching an appropriate substitution for problem behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Escape Extinction?

<p>Following through with a task to prevent escape behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Attention Extinction?

<p>A strategy involving planned ignoring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Access to Tangible Extinction?

<p>Continuing to deny access to the desired item or activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an Extinction Burst?

<p>A sudden increase in the frequency or intensity of a behavior targeted for extinction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Continuous Reinforcement?

<p>Reinforcement provided each time the target response occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Intermittent Reinforcement?

<p>Reinforcement provided every few responses, can be fixed or variable ratio.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior (DRA)?

<p>Reinforcement provided for a specific alternative behavior instead of a problem behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior (DRI)?

<p>Reinforcement provided for a specific behavior incompatible with a problem behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior (DRO)?

<p>Reinforcement if a problem behavior does not occur during a target duration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Response Blocking?

<p>Blocking behavior by physically intervening to prevent problem behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Redirection?

<p>A method where a behavior is already occurring, redirected to a new behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Overcorrection?

<p>Having a client repeat a task correctly as a penalty for inappropriate actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Response Cost?

<p>Taking something away as a correction for each instance of the problem behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Time-Out From Reinforcement?

<p>Taking away a reinforcement following an instance of problem behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Spontaneous Recovery?

<p>When behavior shows up suddenly after being extinct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Measurement Dimensions?

<p>Rate, Duration, Percentage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Rate in behavior measurement?

<p>Count/time; summary of frequency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Duration in behavior measurement?

<p>Measures the amount of time a behavior occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Percentage in behavior measurement?

<p>Correct responses over opportunities divided by total trials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Measurement Procedures?

<p>Event recording, Timing, Time Sampling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Event Recording?

<p>Procedures for detecting and recording the frequency of a behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Timing in behavior measurement?

<p>Procedures used to measure duration and response latency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Time Sampling?

<p>Methods for observing and recording behavior during intervals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is positive reinforcement?

<p>Giving something that increases behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is negative reinforcement?

<p>Taking something away that increases behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is positive punishment?

<p>Giving something that decreases behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of negative punishment?

<p>Taking something away that decreases behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a reinforcer?

<p>A stimulus that increases the probability of a desired response</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a punisher?

<p>A stimulus that decreases the probability of a desired response</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a conditioned reinforcer?

<p>A learned reinforcer; we are not born seeking these items as reinforcers</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an unconditioned reinforcer?

<p>Inherently reinforcing for all humans from birth; they do not need to be learned</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does extinction refer to in behavioral terms?

<p>When the reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior is discontinued</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is deprivation in a behavioral context?

<p>Withholding a reinforcer that increases relevant learning and performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does satiation mean?

<p>The opposite of deprivation; refers to having too much of a reinforcer</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does contingency mean in behavioral terms?

<p>A type of intervention to increase desirable behaviors or decrease undesirable behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a motivating operation (MO)?

<p>Increase desire for motivation prior to a task</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an antecedent?

<p>Situations that occur immediately before the behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is behavior?

<p>Includes everything that people do</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence in behavioral terms?

<p>Situation occurring immediately after the behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a 3-term contingency?

<p>Antecedent, Behavior, Consequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a stimulus?

<p>Anything that a person can experience through their senses</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a discriminative stimulus (SD)?

<p>A type of stimulus used consistently to gain a specific response</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is stimulus control?

<p>Occurs when an organism behaves differently in the presence of a stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a response?

<p>A single instance or occurrence of a specific class or type of behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a discrete trial?

<p>A small unit of instruction implemented in a distraction-free setting</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is discrimination training?

<p>Teaching a client to differentiate between responses/stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is discrete trial training (DTT)?

<p>A structured method of teaching that delivers instruction without extraneous language</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is natural environment training?

<p>Teaching in a generalized manner using naturally occurring situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is fluency-based training?

<p>Teaching a client to respond correctly at a certain rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is generalization in learning?

<p>The use of a response in various situations outside of the learning setting</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is maintenance in behavioral terms?

<p>Clients maintain behavior over time without structured practice opportunities</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is caregiver training?

<p>Training of parents or caregivers to help train a child at home</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Premack principle?

<p>More probable behaviors reinforce less probable behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is preference assessment?

<p>Techniques designed to identify preferred items used as reinforcers</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a prompt?

<p>A supplemental antecedent stimulus provided to elicit a target response</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is errorless learning?

<p>A type of prompting that minimizes incorrect responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is most-to-least prompting?

<p>Start with the most intrusive prompt and decrease as the learner improves</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is least-to-most prompting?

<p>Start with the least intrusive prompt and increase response intrusiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is prompt fading?

<p>Procedures to gradually move from controlling prompt to target stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is time delay prompt?

<p>Initially present target stimulus and controlling prompt simultaneously</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is chaining?

<p>The reinforcement of successive elements of a behavior chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is forward chaining?

<p>Begins with the first element in the chain and progresses to the last</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is backward chaining?

<p>Begins with the last element in the chain and progresses to the first</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is shaping?

<p>The reinforcement of successive approximations of a target behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is pacing in behavior training?

<p>Time between the preceding response and the reinforced response is specified</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does alternative and augmentative communication (AAC) refer to?

<p>An integrated network of symbols and skills used for individuals with communication difficulties</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are functional approaches to teaching language skills?

<p>Verbal operants with purpose behind them, not just repetition</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is mand training?

<p>Speaker requests what they want and listener gives the exact reinforcer</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a mand?

<p>A verbal operant where the response is under functional control of motivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is tact training?

<p>Speaker names what they see, hear, etc.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Reinforcement and Punishment

  • Positive Reinforcement: Providing a pleasant stimulus to increase a behavior.
  • Negative Reinforcement: Removing an unpleasant stimulus to enhance behavior.
  • Positive Punishment: Adding an unpleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior.
  • Negative Punishment: Removing a pleasant stimulus to reduce behavior.

Types of Reinforcers

  • Reinforcer: Stimuli that boost the likelihood of a desired response.
  • Punisher: Stimuli that diminish the probability of a desired response.
  • Conditioned Reinforcer: Learned reinforcers not innately sought after.
  • Unconditioned Reinforcer: Naturally reinforcing stimuli essential for survival (e.g., water, warmth).

Behavioral Concepts

  • Extinction: Discontinuation of reinforcement leads to decreased behavior frequency over time.
  • Deprivation: Withholding a reinforcer to increase its value in learning.
  • Satiation: Overexposure to a reinforcer reduces its effectiveness.

Behavioral Interventions

  • Contingency: Structured approach to modify behaviors through specified conditions and consequences.
  • Motivating Operation (MO): Situational factors that influence the effectiveness of reinforcers and behavior occurrence.

Behavior Analysis Framework

  • 3-term Contingency: Framework consisting of antecedent, behavior, and consequence.
  • Antecedent: Events preceding behavior that may trigger it.
  • Behavior: Any action performed by individuals.
  • Consequence: Immediate outcome following behavior.

Stimulus Control

  • Stimulus: Any sensory experience encountered by an individual.
  • Discriminative Stimulus (SD): Stimuli that signal the availability of reinforcement for a specific response.
  • Stimulus Control: Situational behavior patterns in the presence or absence of specific stimuli.

Instructional Techniques

  • Discrete Trial: Focused one-on-one teaching sessions without distractions.
  • Discrimination Training: Helping clients differentiate between stimuli or responses.
  • Discrete Trial Training (DTT): Structured instruction emphasizing specific responses and data collection.

Generalization and Maintenance

  • Generalization: Application of learned responses across various situations.
  • Maintenance: Continuation of behavior over time without frequent practice opportunities.

Training Approaches

  • Caregiver Training: Preparing caregivers to effectively support learning at home.
  • Premack Principle: Using more probable behaviors to reinforce less probable ones.
  • Preference Assessment: Methods to ascertain individuals’ preferred stimuli that can serve as effective reinforcers.

Prompting Strategies

  • Prompt: Assistance provided to elicit a correct response.
  • Errorless Learning: Minimizing errors by providing prompts to ensure correct responses.
  • Most-to-Least Prompting: Starting with the most intrusive prompts, then gradually reducing them.
  • Least-to-Most Prompting: Initiating with minimal prompts and increasing as needed.

Chaining and Shaping Techniques

  • Chaining: Reinforcing successive steps in a behavior sequence.
  • Forward Chaining: Teaching from the beginning of a sequence to the end.
  • Backward Chaining: Starting with the final step and working backward; reinforces immediately the completed step.
  • Shaping: Gradual reinforcement of closer approximations to a target behavior.

Communication and Language Skills

  • Alternative and Augmentative Communication (AAC): Tools and methods to assist individuals with communication challenges.
  • Functional Approaches to Teaching Language Skills: Teaching verbal operants with purpose rather than rote learning.
  • Mand Training: Teaching the process of requesting through verbal operants.
  • Mand: A verbal response controlled by motivational factors to procure desired outcomes.
  • Tact Training: Encouraging speakers to label their sensory experiences.### Verbal Operants
  • Tact: A verbal operant controlled by nonverbal stimuli that produces generalized reinforcement, linking verbal responses to observable stimuli.
  • Echoic: A verbal response that corresponds point-to-point and maintains formal similarities with a verbal discriminative stimulus, influenced by nonverbal stimuli.
  • Intraverbal: A verbal operant involving a response that does not share point-to-point correspondence with the verbal stimulus, allowing for varied verbal interactions.

Teaching Strategies

  • Training Echoic Behavior: Involves the speaker mimicking the listener's words to receive generalized reinforcement.
  • Training Intraverbal Behavior: The speaker generates novel responses that are different from the listener's words, also reinforced by generalized means.
  • Teaching Joint Attention: Involves using eye gaze, pointing, and verbal/non-verbal cues to share experiences with others.
  • Teaching Play Skills: Encourage various play forms including parallel play, interactive play, pretend scenarios, and organized games.
  • Teaching Motor Skills: Focus on both fine and gross motor movements, employing methods like imitation, prompt fading, and structured activities.
  • Teaching Adaptive and Safety Skills: Aims at enhancing independence in daily activities, addressing personal care, safety awareness, and home tasks.
  • Teaching Social Skills: Emphasizes eye contact, turn-taking, sharing, and emotional understanding.
  • Teaching Cognition Skills: Developing understanding through sensory experiences and cognitive processes like reasoning and perspective.
  • Teaching Executive Function Skills: Encompasses attention, impulse control, working memory, and planning.
  • Teaching Academic Skills: Age-appropriate education strategies that align with educational plans and readiness skills.

Educational Tools and Modifications

  • Visual Supports: Utilizing pictures, words, and symbols to aid comprehension and reinforce learning.
  • Curriculum Modification: Customizing educational content based on assessment findings and individual needs to create a tailored learning experience.

Behavioral Strategies

  • Behavior Intervention Plan: A detailed guide for teachers and parents on managing and replacing inappropriate behaviors.
  • Functional Behavior Assessment: Assessing antecedents and consequences to understand the factors maintaining problem behaviors.
  • Antecedent Interventions: Strategies to manipulate various factors to prevent problem behaviors.
  • Replacement Behavior: Teaching appropriate alternatives to problem behaviors that meet the same needs.

Reinforcement and Extinction

  • Continuous vs. Intermittent Reinforcement: Continuous provides a reward for every occurrence, while intermittent gives rewards based on partial occurrences.
  • Differential Reinforcement: Encouraging alternative behaviors through various methods (DRA, DRI, DRO).
  • Extinction Procedures: Involves planned ignoring or withholding reinforcement to decrease undesired behavior.

Measurement and Data Collection

  • Measurement Dimensions: Include rate, duration, and percentage to quantify behaviors.
  • Event Recording: Counting instances of behavior occurrence.
  • Time Sampling: Observing behavior within set intervals to assess presence or absence.

Behavioral Adjustment Techniques

  • Response Blocking: Intervening to prevent the completion of problem behaviors.
  • Redirection: Shifting attention from a problematic behavior to a more appropriate one.
  • Overcorrection: Instructing a client to repeat a task correctly if it was performed inaccurately.
  • Time-Out From Reinforcement: Removing reinforcement after undesirable behavior, often leading to behavior modification.

Recovery and Variability

  • Spontaneous Recovery: The unexpected reappearance of a previously extinct behavior.
  • Extinction Burst: A temporary increase in undesirable behavior prior to its decrease during extinction procedures.

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