Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a tact?
What is a tact?
A verbal operant under the functional control of a nonverbal discriminative stimulus that produces generalized conditioned reinforcement.
What does Training Echoic Behavior involve?
What does Training Echoic Behavior involve?
The speaker says words that are the same as another person's words and the listener gives a generalized reinforcer.
What is an echoic?
What is an echoic?
A verbal operant that consists of a verbal SD with point-to-point correspondence and formal similarities.
What is Training Intraverbal Behavior?
What is Training Intraverbal Behavior?
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What is an intraverbal?
What is an intraverbal?
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What does Teaching Joint Attention involve?
What does Teaching Joint Attention involve?
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What is Joint Attention?
What is Joint Attention?
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What are aspects included in Teaching Play Skills?
What are aspects included in Teaching Play Skills?
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What does Teaching Motor Skills encompass?
What does Teaching Motor Skills encompass?
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What does Teaching Adaptive and Safety Skills aim for?
What does Teaching Adaptive and Safety Skills aim for?
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What skills are included in Teaching Social Skills?
What skills are included in Teaching Social Skills?
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What are Teaching Cognition Skills about?
What are Teaching Cognition Skills about?
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What do Teaching Executive Function Skills encompass?
What do Teaching Executive Function Skills encompass?
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What does Teaching Academic Skills include?
What does Teaching Academic Skills include?
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What are Visual Supports?
What are Visual Supports?
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What is Curriculum Modification?
What is Curriculum Modification?
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What is a Behavior Intervention Plan?
What is a Behavior Intervention Plan?
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What is a Target Behavior?
What is a Target Behavior?
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What is an Operational Definition?
What is an Operational Definition?
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What does a Functional Behavior Assessment determine?
What does a Functional Behavior Assessment determine?
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What is an Escape Function?
What is an Escape Function?
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What is an Attention Function?
What is an Attention Function?
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What is Access to Tangible Function?
What is Access to Tangible Function?
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What is Automatic Function?
What is Automatic Function?
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What are Antecedent Interventions?
What are Antecedent Interventions?
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What is Functional Communication Training (FCT)?
What is Functional Communication Training (FCT)?
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What is a Token Economy?
What is a Token Economy?
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What is a High-P Request Sequence?
What is a High-P Request Sequence?
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What is Noncontingent Reinforcement?
What is Noncontingent Reinforcement?
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What is a Replacement Behavior?
What is a Replacement Behavior?
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What is Escape Extinction?
What is Escape Extinction?
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What is Attention Extinction?
What is Attention Extinction?
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What is Access to Tangible Extinction?
What is Access to Tangible Extinction?
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What is an Extinction Burst?
What is an Extinction Burst?
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What is Continuous Reinforcement?
What is Continuous Reinforcement?
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What is Intermittent Reinforcement?
What is Intermittent Reinforcement?
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What is Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior (DRA)?
What is Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior (DRA)?
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What is Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior (DRI)?
What is Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior (DRI)?
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What is Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior (DRO)?
What is Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior (DRO)?
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What is Response Blocking?
What is Response Blocking?
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What is Redirection?
What is Redirection?
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What is Overcorrection?
What is Overcorrection?
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What is Response Cost?
What is Response Cost?
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What is Time-Out From Reinforcement?
What is Time-Out From Reinforcement?
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What is Spontaneous Recovery?
What is Spontaneous Recovery?
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What are Measurement Dimensions?
What are Measurement Dimensions?
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What is Rate in behavior measurement?
What is Rate in behavior measurement?
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What is Duration in behavior measurement?
What is Duration in behavior measurement?
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What is Percentage in behavior measurement?
What is Percentage in behavior measurement?
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What are Measurement Procedures?
What are Measurement Procedures?
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What is Event Recording?
What is Event Recording?
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What is Timing in behavior measurement?
What is Timing in behavior measurement?
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What is Time Sampling?
What is Time Sampling?
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What is positive reinforcement?
What is positive reinforcement?
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What is negative reinforcement?
What is negative reinforcement?
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What is positive punishment?
What is positive punishment?
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What is the definition of negative punishment?
What is the definition of negative punishment?
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What is a reinforcer?
What is a reinforcer?
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What is a punisher?
What is a punisher?
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What is a conditioned reinforcer?
What is a conditioned reinforcer?
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What is an unconditioned reinforcer?
What is an unconditioned reinforcer?
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What does extinction refer to in behavioral terms?
What does extinction refer to in behavioral terms?
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What is deprivation in a behavioral context?
What is deprivation in a behavioral context?
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What does satiation mean?
What does satiation mean?
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What does contingency mean in behavioral terms?
What does contingency mean in behavioral terms?
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What is a motivating operation (MO)?
What is a motivating operation (MO)?
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What is an antecedent?
What is an antecedent?
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What is behavior?
What is behavior?
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What is a consequence in behavioral terms?
What is a consequence in behavioral terms?
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What is a 3-term contingency?
What is a 3-term contingency?
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What is a stimulus?
What is a stimulus?
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What is a discriminative stimulus (SD)?
What is a discriminative stimulus (SD)?
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What is stimulus control?
What is stimulus control?
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What is a response?
What is a response?
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What is a discrete trial?
What is a discrete trial?
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What is discrimination training?
What is discrimination training?
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What is discrete trial training (DTT)?
What is discrete trial training (DTT)?
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What is natural environment training?
What is natural environment training?
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What is fluency-based training?
What is fluency-based training?
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What is generalization in learning?
What is generalization in learning?
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What is maintenance in behavioral terms?
What is maintenance in behavioral terms?
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What is caregiver training?
What is caregiver training?
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What is the Premack principle?
What is the Premack principle?
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What is preference assessment?
What is preference assessment?
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What is a prompt?
What is a prompt?
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What is errorless learning?
What is errorless learning?
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What is most-to-least prompting?
What is most-to-least prompting?
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What is least-to-most prompting?
What is least-to-most prompting?
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What is prompt fading?
What is prompt fading?
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What is time delay prompt?
What is time delay prompt?
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What is chaining?
What is chaining?
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What is forward chaining?
What is forward chaining?
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What is backward chaining?
What is backward chaining?
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What is shaping?
What is shaping?
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What is pacing in behavior training?
What is pacing in behavior training?
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What does alternative and augmentative communication (AAC) refer to?
What does alternative and augmentative communication (AAC) refer to?
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What are functional approaches to teaching language skills?
What are functional approaches to teaching language skills?
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What is mand training?
What is mand training?
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What is a mand?
What is a mand?
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What is tact training?
What is tact training?
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Study Notes
Reinforcement and Punishment
- Positive Reinforcement: Providing a pleasant stimulus to increase a behavior.
- Negative Reinforcement: Removing an unpleasant stimulus to enhance behavior.
- Positive Punishment: Adding an unpleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior.
- Negative Punishment: Removing a pleasant stimulus to reduce behavior.
Types of Reinforcers
- Reinforcer: Stimuli that boost the likelihood of a desired response.
- Punisher: Stimuli that diminish the probability of a desired response.
- Conditioned Reinforcer: Learned reinforcers not innately sought after.
- Unconditioned Reinforcer: Naturally reinforcing stimuli essential for survival (e.g., water, warmth).
Behavioral Concepts
- Extinction: Discontinuation of reinforcement leads to decreased behavior frequency over time.
- Deprivation: Withholding a reinforcer to increase its value in learning.
- Satiation: Overexposure to a reinforcer reduces its effectiveness.
Behavioral Interventions
- Contingency: Structured approach to modify behaviors through specified conditions and consequences.
- Motivating Operation (MO): Situational factors that influence the effectiveness of reinforcers and behavior occurrence.
Behavior Analysis Framework
- 3-term Contingency: Framework consisting of antecedent, behavior, and consequence.
- Antecedent: Events preceding behavior that may trigger it.
- Behavior: Any action performed by individuals.
- Consequence: Immediate outcome following behavior.
Stimulus Control
- Stimulus: Any sensory experience encountered by an individual.
- Discriminative Stimulus (SD): Stimuli that signal the availability of reinforcement for a specific response.
- Stimulus Control: Situational behavior patterns in the presence or absence of specific stimuli.
Instructional Techniques
- Discrete Trial: Focused one-on-one teaching sessions without distractions.
- Discrimination Training: Helping clients differentiate between stimuli or responses.
- Discrete Trial Training (DTT): Structured instruction emphasizing specific responses and data collection.
Generalization and Maintenance
- Generalization: Application of learned responses across various situations.
- Maintenance: Continuation of behavior over time without frequent practice opportunities.
Training Approaches
- Caregiver Training: Preparing caregivers to effectively support learning at home.
- Premack Principle: Using more probable behaviors to reinforce less probable ones.
- Preference Assessment: Methods to ascertain individuals’ preferred stimuli that can serve as effective reinforcers.
Prompting Strategies
- Prompt: Assistance provided to elicit a correct response.
- Errorless Learning: Minimizing errors by providing prompts to ensure correct responses.
- Most-to-Least Prompting: Starting with the most intrusive prompts, then gradually reducing them.
- Least-to-Most Prompting: Initiating with minimal prompts and increasing as needed.
Chaining and Shaping Techniques
- Chaining: Reinforcing successive steps in a behavior sequence.
- Forward Chaining: Teaching from the beginning of a sequence to the end.
- Backward Chaining: Starting with the final step and working backward; reinforces immediately the completed step.
- Shaping: Gradual reinforcement of closer approximations to a target behavior.
Communication and Language Skills
- Alternative and Augmentative Communication (AAC): Tools and methods to assist individuals with communication challenges.
- Functional Approaches to Teaching Language Skills: Teaching verbal operants with purpose rather than rote learning.
- Mand Training: Teaching the process of requesting through verbal operants.
- Mand: A verbal response controlled by motivational factors to procure desired outcomes.
- Tact Training: Encouraging speakers to label their sensory experiences.### Verbal Operants
- Tact: A verbal operant controlled by nonverbal stimuli that produces generalized reinforcement, linking verbal responses to observable stimuli.
- Echoic: A verbal response that corresponds point-to-point and maintains formal similarities with a verbal discriminative stimulus, influenced by nonverbal stimuli.
- Intraverbal: A verbal operant involving a response that does not share point-to-point correspondence with the verbal stimulus, allowing for varied verbal interactions.
Teaching Strategies
- Training Echoic Behavior: Involves the speaker mimicking the listener's words to receive generalized reinforcement.
- Training Intraverbal Behavior: The speaker generates novel responses that are different from the listener's words, also reinforced by generalized means.
- Teaching Joint Attention: Involves using eye gaze, pointing, and verbal/non-verbal cues to share experiences with others.
- Teaching Play Skills: Encourage various play forms including parallel play, interactive play, pretend scenarios, and organized games.
- Teaching Motor Skills: Focus on both fine and gross motor movements, employing methods like imitation, prompt fading, and structured activities.
- Teaching Adaptive and Safety Skills: Aims at enhancing independence in daily activities, addressing personal care, safety awareness, and home tasks.
- Teaching Social Skills: Emphasizes eye contact, turn-taking, sharing, and emotional understanding.
- Teaching Cognition Skills: Developing understanding through sensory experiences and cognitive processes like reasoning and perspective.
- Teaching Executive Function Skills: Encompasses attention, impulse control, working memory, and planning.
- Teaching Academic Skills: Age-appropriate education strategies that align with educational plans and readiness skills.
Educational Tools and Modifications
- Visual Supports: Utilizing pictures, words, and symbols to aid comprehension and reinforce learning.
- Curriculum Modification: Customizing educational content based on assessment findings and individual needs to create a tailored learning experience.
Behavioral Strategies
- Behavior Intervention Plan: A detailed guide for teachers and parents on managing and replacing inappropriate behaviors.
- Functional Behavior Assessment: Assessing antecedents and consequences to understand the factors maintaining problem behaviors.
- Antecedent Interventions: Strategies to manipulate various factors to prevent problem behaviors.
- Replacement Behavior: Teaching appropriate alternatives to problem behaviors that meet the same needs.
Reinforcement and Extinction
- Continuous vs. Intermittent Reinforcement: Continuous provides a reward for every occurrence, while intermittent gives rewards based on partial occurrences.
- Differential Reinforcement: Encouraging alternative behaviors through various methods (DRA, DRI, DRO).
- Extinction Procedures: Involves planned ignoring or withholding reinforcement to decrease undesired behavior.
Measurement and Data Collection
- Measurement Dimensions: Include rate, duration, and percentage to quantify behaviors.
- Event Recording: Counting instances of behavior occurrence.
- Time Sampling: Observing behavior within set intervals to assess presence or absence.
Behavioral Adjustment Techniques
- Response Blocking: Intervening to prevent the completion of problem behaviors.
- Redirection: Shifting attention from a problematic behavior to a more appropriate one.
- Overcorrection: Instructing a client to repeat a task correctly if it was performed inaccurately.
- Time-Out From Reinforcement: Removing reinforcement after undesirable behavior, often leading to behavior modification.
Recovery and Variability
- Spontaneous Recovery: The unexpected reappearance of a previously extinct behavior.
- Extinction Burst: A temporary increase in undesirable behavior prior to its decrease during extinction procedures.
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