38 Questions
What is the primary goal of psychology in medicine?
To test and confirm common-sense views empirically
Which of the following is NOT a way psychology contributes to diagnosis?
Developing a treatment plan
What is a key aspect of the bio-psychosocial model in medicine?
Integrate biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding illness
Why is psychology important in negotiating a treatment plan?
It takes into account patient beliefs, emotions, and perceptions
What is a common misconception about the role of psychology in medicine?
It is interesting but not practically useful
What is the outcome of adopting a bio-psychosocial model in medicine?
A comprehensive understanding of illness and its treatment
What is the primary function of reinforcement in operant conditioning?
To promote learning by strengthening behaviour
What is the term for the naturally occurring stimuli that are important for survival in classical conditioning?
UCS
According to Skinner's operant conditioning, what is the impact of immediate reinforcement on behaviour?
Behaviour is strengthened
What is the term for the type of schedule of reinforcement that makes it challenging to change a habitual behaviour?
Variable schedule
What is the primary goal of operant conditioning in medicine and health?
To encourage adaptive behaviours
What is the term for the relationship between the stimulus and response in classical conditioning?
Stimulus-response
What is the impact of a large reinforcement on behaviour, according to Skinner's operant conditioning?
Behaviour is strengthened
What is the key difference between classical and operant conditioning?
Classical conditioning involves association, while operant conditioning involves reinforcement
What is the primary mechanism of social learning, according to social learning theory?
By observing and imitating others
According to the vicarious reinforcement study, what determines whether a behavior is imitated by an observer?
The characteristics of the model
What is the primary limitation of social learning theory, according to critics?
It cannot fully account for the complexity of behavior
What is an example of social learning, according to the content?
Developing a phobia by observing a significant other's phobic response
According to Bandura's social learning theory, what influences whether a model's behavior is imitated?
The characteristics of the model
What is the primary factor that determines whether an observer imitates a model's behavior, according to social learning theory?
The characteristics of the observer
What is an example of vicarious reinforcement, according to the study mentioned in the content?
A child sees a model being rewarded for aggressive behavior
What is the relationship between the model's characteristics and the observer's imitation, according to social learning theory?
The more similar the model is to the observer, the more likely the behavior is to be imitated
What is the primary focus of behavioural medicine?
Studying the factors that influence health promotion and illness prevention
Which of the following is NOT a component of the biopsychosocial model?
Environmental
According to classical conditioning, what is the purpose of the unconditioned stimulus?
To elicit an innate response
Which of the following is a limitation of learning theory?
It is too simplistic to explain complex human behaviour
Who is associated with the development of operant conditioning?
Skinner
What is the primary difference between classical and operant conditioning?
Classical conditioning focuses on associative learning, while operant conditioning focuses on reinforcement learning
What is the process of social learning, according to Bandura?
Modelling of others through observational learning
What is the term for the process by which a conditioned response is eliminated?
Extinction
What do social learning theories focus on?
Automatic and unconscious responses to environmental cues
What is the main limitation of social learning theories?
They do not account for the importance of conscious and reflective processes
What is the COM-B model of behaviour?
A theoretical framework that considers the interaction between capability, motivation, and opportunity
What is the role of psychological capacity in the COM-B model?
It refers to the knowledge, skills, and confidence needed to perform a behaviour
What is the main difference between voluntary and involuntary motivation in the COM-B model?
Voluntary motivation refers to conscious rational decision making, while involuntary motivation refers to habits and emotions
What is the role of opportunity in the COM-B model?
It refers to the factors outside the control of the individual that influence behaviour
What is the correct description of the bell in Pavlov's experiments?
A conditioned stimulus
What is the study about gift vouchers for pregnant mothers attending smoking cessation services an example of?
Positive reinforcement
Study Notes
Genes, Behaviour, and Environment
- This module covers the science of behaviour, including human cognition, health-related behaviours, and health behaviour change.
Behaviour and Health
- Behaviour affects health and is part of the "psycho" component of the biopsychosocial model.
- Behavioural medicine is the study of factors that influence how we maintain our health, prevent illness, and manage illness.
The Behaviourists
- Pavlov, Skinner, and Bandura are key figures in the study of behaviour.
Learning Theory
- Classical conditioning: behaviours acquired through associative learning between two stimuli.
- Operant conditioning: learning behaviour through reinforcement and punishment.
- Social learning theory: behaviours acquired by observing significant others carrying them out.
Classical Conditioning
- Unconditioned stimulus: an environmental stimulus that prompts an innate response (e.g., food, loud noise).
- Unconditioned response: an innate response/reflex (e.g., salivation, escape).
- Conditioned stimulus: a stimulus that is initially presented simultaneously with the unconditioned stimulus to subsequently provoke an innate response when presented alone.
- Conditioned response: an innate response/reflex activated by a conditioned stimulus.
Operant Conditioning
- Antecedents or stimulus: a stimulus that triggers a behaviour (e.g., rat placed in box with lever).
- Behaviour: the action taken (e.g., rat presses lever).
- Consequences of behaviour: the outcome of the behaviour (e.g., receives positive reinforcement of food).
- Reinforcement: strengthens behaviour, punishment: weakens behaviour.
Social Learning Theory
- Attention: observing the model, retention: remembering the observed behaviour, reproduction: imitating the behaviour, motivation: having a reason to imitate the behaviour.
- Vicarious reinforcement study (1965): children learn by observing others receiving reinforcement or punishment.
COM-B Model
- A comprehensive theoretical framework of behaviour that takes into account capability, motivation, opportunity, and behaviour.
- Capability: psychological capacity (knowledge, skills, and confidence) and physical capacity.
- Motivation: voluntary (conscious rational decision making) and involuntary (habits, emotions, impulse).
- Opportunity: factors outside the control of the individual (e.g., social environments).
Quick Quiz
- Pavlov's bell acted as a conditioned stimulus.
- A study on pregnant mothers receiving gift vouchers for attending smoking cessation services is an example of operant conditioning.
This quiz covers the science of behaviour, including human cognition, health-related behaviours, and psychological frameworks for understanding illness. It also explores child development and ageing, and adherence to treatment in healthcare.
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