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Questions and Answers
Which statement best describes Rizal's view of his role in Philippine history?
Who held the ultimate authority in the administrative organization of the Philippine colony during the late 18th Century and 19th Century?
What was the main reason for the opposition to the Rizal Bill by the Catholic hierarchy?
What role did the parish priest play in local governance during the colonial period?
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How did the British invasion in the 1760s affect Spanish colonial policy in the Philippines?
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What economic reform was implemented under Governor-General Jose Basco y Vargas?
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What authority did alcaldes mayores share in the provincial administrative system established in 1886?
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Which of the following was NOT a cash crop promoted under the reforms introduced by Jose Basco y Vargas?
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What significant change occurred in the Philippine economy in 1815?
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What was the primary source of export revenue in the 1840s in the Philippines?
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Who were the Ilustrados in the context of the Philippine society?
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Which social class emerged in the Philippines due to the economic boom in the 19th century?
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What significant event took place in the 1770s concerning the Philippine parishes?
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What was the role of Carlos Maria de la Torre in the Philippines?
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Which of the following events triggered the execution of prominent figures like Fr. Mariano Gomez?
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What was the main indicator of social status among the local elite in the Philippines during the colonial period?
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Study Notes
The Rizal Bill
- The Rizal Bill, formally known as Republic Act 1425, was sponsored by Senator Claro M. Recto and passed into law in 1956.
- The bill was opposed by the Catholic hierarchy who argued that Rizal's novels, "Noli Me Tangere" and "El Filibusterismo," contained passages offensive to the Catholic faith.
- Rizal's selection as a national hero was influenced by American preference for his "reformist" credentials.
- Rizal recognized his significance in Philippine history, stating, "I know that, at present, the future of my country gravitates in part around me."
Philippines in the 18th-19th Centuries
- Dramatic changes in the Philippines during this period were influenced by the Industrial Revolution, economic reforms by Spain, and the spread of Enlightenment ideas.
Administrative Organization
- The governor-general held high executive and military power, acting as captain-general and vice royal patron of the church.
- Alcaldes mayores oversaw provincial administration, exercising both executive and judicial functions. These roles were split in 1886, with the civil governor and judge of first instance assuming distinct responsibilities.
- Each town had a gobernadorcillo, elected by the principalia, a group of former officials and community leaders.
- The parish priest played a crucial role in local administration, overseeing education, health, prisons, and the accounts of local officials. They also approved census lists, tax records, and birth, death, and marriage certificates.
Reform of the Philippine Economy
- Spain's declining power and prestige led to a shift away from reliance on the galleon trade.
- In the 1760s, after a British invasion, Spain sought to diversify income sources.
- Governor-General José Basco y Vargas (1778) encouraged large-scale production of export crops like silk, cotton, indigo, hemp, sugarcane, cacao, coconut, and fruit trees.
- The end of the galleon trade in 1815 and opening of the Philippine colony to international trade in 1834 further accelerated economic change.
- By the 1840s, sugar, abaca (hemp), indigo, coffee, and cotton accounted for 90% of export revenue.
Effects of Economic Prosperity
- Increased contact with foreigners and the prosperity of some families enabled access to education in Europe.
- Despite economic growth, conditions for ordinary Filipinos did not improve significantly or even worsened.
The Rise of the "Clase Media"
- The economic boom spurred the emergence of a middle class, fueled by expansion in agriculture and commerce.
- Social status within the elite was measured by education, possessions (house location, ownership of mills, imported furniture), and the use of honorific titles like "Don" and "Dona".
The Ilustrados
- The Ilustrados were the "enlightened" Filipinos. They achieved a high degree of Hispanization compared to other natives.
Formative Events
- In the 1770s, a royal decree mandated the secularization of parishes, transferring control from religious orders (Dominicans, Franciscans) to secular clergy.
- The arrival of liberal Governor General Carlos Maria de la Torre following the "Glorious September Revolution" of 1868 marked a period of political change.
- The Cavite Mutiny of 1872, a revolt in the naval shipyard, led to the arrest, conviction, and execution of Father Mariano Gomez, José Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora (known as the Gomburza).
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