BB Glossary

• ABO discrepancy is when the ABO forward typing result does not agree with the reverse typing result.
• Absorption is the removal of a specific antibody from a mixture of antibodies using cells of known specificity.
• Active immunization is the production of antibody after antigenic exposure or stimulation.
• Additives are chemical substances added to red cells to extend the shelf life up to 42 days.

Blood Bag Additives:

• AS-1 (Adsol): Fenwal Laboratory
• AS-3 (Nutricel): Medsep Corporation
• AS-5 (Optisol): Terumo Corporation
• Agammaglobulinemia is a rare condition characterized by the absence of antibodies.
• Agglutination is the clumping of particulate antigens with their corresponding specific antibodies; if the source of the antigen is a red cell, clumping is identified as hemagglutination.
• Allele is an alternative form of a gene occupying a given locus.
• Amniocentesis is the process of collecting amniotic fluid.
• Amniotic fluid is the albuminous fluid contained in an amniotic sac providing nutrients to the developing fetus.
• Amorph is the "silent gene" that does not produce a detectable antigen; an example is the O gene.
• Anamnestic response, also known as "secondary immune response," refers to the production of antibodies after secondary antigenic exposure.
• Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic hypersensitivity reaction brought about by an antibody against IgA seen among IgA-deficient patients exposed to IgA antibody.
• Antenatal occurs before birth.
• Antibody, also known as "immunoglobulin," is a protein substance secreted by plasma cells and produced in response to antigenic stimulation.

Types of Antibodies:

• Alloantibody: immune antibody against foreign antigen of the same species.
• Autoantibody: antibody against its own self-antigens.
• Atypical antibody: also known as "unexpected antibody," refers to an antibody other than the naturally occurring anti-A and anti-B.
• Naturally occurring antibody: isoantibodies referred to as anti-A and anti-B.
• Monoclonal antibody: antibody derived from a single clone of cells.
• Polyclonal antibody: antibody derived from more than one antibody-producing plasma cells.
• Antibody potentiators are reagents used to enhance or speed up antigen-antibody reactions.
• Antibody screening test identifies immune antibodies other than the naturally occurring ones through completely phenotyped group "O" cells.
• Antigen refers to any foreign substance which stimulates antibody production when introduced to the body.
• Antigenic describes the relative ability of a substance to elicit an immune response.
• Antigram is a book identifying immune antibodies showing differing responses, used to screen and identify immune antibodies.
• Antihuman globulin reagent (AHG), also known as "Coombs' serum," is a secondary antibody directed against human IgG or complement.

Types of AHG:

• Monospecific AHG: targets either human IgG or complement C3.
• Polyspecific AHG: targets both human IgG and complement C3.
• Antihuman globulin test (AGT), also known as "Coombs' test," uses antibodies directed against human globulins in order to detect RBCs sensitized by IgG alloantibodies, IgG autoantibodies, and/or complement components.

Types of AGT:

• Direct antiglobulin test (DAT): used to detect in vivo cell sensitization.
• Indirect antiglobulin test (IAT): used to detect in vitro cell sensitization.
• Antiserum is a commercially prepared reagent containing an antibody with known specificity.
• Antithetical is used to describe antigens controlled by a pair of allelic genes.
• Apheresis is a blood collection method where whole blood is withdrawn, processed, and the desired component collected while the remainder of the blood is returned to the donor.

Types of Apheresis:

• Plateletpheresis: removal of platelets.
• Leukapheresis: removal of leukocytes.
• Plasmapheresis: removal of plasma.
• Autoabsorption is antibody removal process through the use of the patient's own antigen.
• Autocontrol, abbreviated as PS-PR (patient serum-patient red cell), tests patient's serum for antibody against one's own red cells; it is used to detect autoantibodies.
• Avidity refers to the strength of an antigen-antibody reaction, as influenced by characteristic antigen and antibody features.
• Biohazards are biological threat to health of living organisms, especially humans.
• Biphasic hemolysin is an antibody with reactivity in two phases.
• Blood bag is a single bag or interconnected multiple bags with tubings used in blood donation.
• Blood bank is a major division in a hospital laboratory providing safe blood by performing blood screening and compatibility testing.
• Blood component refers to the different cellular and liquid blood compositions separated by physical means.

Blood Components:

• Fresh frozen plasma (FFP) contains all clotting factors and is administered to patients with clotting factor deficiencies other than hemophilia A, Von Willebrand disease, and hypofibrinogenemia.
• Packed RBC are red cell components that result from separating the plasma from whole blood, resulting in hematocrit level of approximately 80%.
• Platelet concentrate consists of platelets removed from unrefrigerated fresh whole blood and stored for transfusion.
• Random platelet concentrate has at least 5.5 x 10¹⁰ platelets obtained manually by centrifugation.
• Single platelet concentrate has about 3.0 x 10¹¹ platelets obtained by apheresis.
• Cryoprecipitate is a Factor VIII and Factor I coagulated concentrate extracted from fresh frozen plasma.
• Factor concentrate includes prothrombin complexes, Factor XIII, and Factor VII; most commonly indicated in trauma, liver disease, and oral anticoagulant toxicity.
• Frozen red cells are erythrocytes treated with a cryoprotective agent then kept in freezing temperatures.
• Rejuvenated red cells are pyruvate, inosine, phosphate, and adenine treated erythrocytes which restore normal levels of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) and ATP.
• Blood component preparation applies physical means such as refrigerated centrifugation to separate the different blood compositions.
• Open system is a manual blood component preparation that limits blood and blood components to within 24 hours after the blood is exposed to open air.
• Closed system is a blood component preparation, that usually requires the refrigerated centrifuge, that limits blood use and its components to a longer period up to the expiration date because of its sterile intact blood bag system.
• Blood filter is a filter device attached to a blood or blood component unit designed to retain unwanted cells, blood clots, or debris.
• Blood group specific soluble substances (BGSSs) are soluble antigens present in fluids that can be used to neutralize their corresponding antibodies; blood group systems demonstrating BGSSs are ABO, Lewis, and P.
• Blood group system classifies blood based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic substances on red blood cells; currently, there are 30 recognized systems.
• Blood typing tests what determines a blood group system.

Blood Typing Methods:

• Forward typing/Direct typing/Cell typing is determination of red cell antigens through an antiserum of known specificity; called "antigen phenotyping."
• Backward typing/Indirect typing/Serum typing determines plasma antibodies using cells which display a known antigenic profile.
• Blood warmer is a device used to warm blood from refrigerator temperature (4°C-6°C) to body temperature before infusion.
• Bombay phenotype (Oh) defines the failure of an individual to express inherited A or B genes due to the lack of the H gene; individual with Bombay phenotype has a potent anti-H in his/her serum; Bombay phenotype is designated as Oh.
• Bovine serum albumin is the main soluble protein in cattle serum, often used as an enzymatically inert protein or a negative control.
• Broad spectrum compatibility test is the best methods for crossmatching which includes: immediate spin, thermophase, and AHG phase.
• Chimerism is condition producing two cell populations in an individual.
• Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) defines the difficulty of phagocytic cells generating superoxide radicals to kill ingested pathogens; CGD sufferers experience recurrent suppurative bacterial and fungal infections starting in early childhood.
• Coagulation factors include fibrinogen, prothrombin, tissue factor, calcium, proaccelerin, activated factor 5, proconvertin, antihemophilic factor A, Christmas factor and Stuart-Prower factor.
• Factor 1 is fibrinogen.
• Factor 2 is prothrombin.
• Factor 3 is tissue factor.
• Factor 4 is calcium.
• Factor 5 is proaccelerin.
• Factor 6 is activated factor 5.
• Factor 7 is proconvertin.
• Factor 8 is antihemophilic factor A.
• Factor 9 is Christmas factor.
• Factor 10 is Stuart-Prower factor.
• Factor 11 is plasma thromboplastin antecedent.
• Factor 12 is Hageman factor.
• Factor 13 is fibrin-stabilizing factor.
• Codon is a sequence of three bases in a DNA strand providing the genetic code for a specific amino acid.
• Compatibility test is a batch of tests including ABO and Rh grouping, serum screening for alloantibodies, and crossmatching.
• Compatible is serologically inactive when mixed.
• Complement is a complex of plasma proteins.
• Component therapy is the transfusion of specific components in order to treat a patient.
• Coombs' control/check cells are antibody-coated cells used to confirm negative results obtained in direct and indirect antihuman globulin tests.
• Cord cells are blood-containing stem cells taken from the umbilical cord after childbirth.
• Corrected count increment (CCI) is a computed value used to evaluate the effectiveness of platelet transfusion.
• Crossing over exchanges genetic material between two homologous pairs of chromosomes.
• Crossmatch tests the patient's blood against the donor's blood.

Crossmatch Types:

• Major crossmatch (PS-DR) mixes patient's serum with donor's red blood cells.
• Minor crossmatch (PR-DS) mixes patient's red blood cells with donor's serum.
• Immediate crossmatch mixes recipient's serum with donor's red blood cells and centrifuging immediately; absence of both hemolysis and agglutination indicates compatibility.
• Computerized crossmatch is performed by a computer.
• Abbreviated crossmatch uses a coupled with immediate spin type and screen method.
• Cryoprotective agents protect, when added to erythrocytes, against the harmful freezing temperatures.
• Cryptantigens are hidden receptors that may be exposed when normal erythrocyte membranes are altered by bacterial or viral enzymes.
• Deglycerolization removes glycerol from a unit of RBCs after thawing to return them to normal osmolality.
• Deglycerolized red cells had glycerol removed after multiple washings.
• Dextran is a plasma expander that can be used as a substitute for plasma.
• Direct exclusion defines a genetic marker present in the child, but absent its mother and the alleged Father.
• Dithiothreitol (DTT) is a sulfhydryl compound which breaks down disulfide bonds of IgM.
• DMSO refers to dimethyl sulfoxide, a cryoprotectant for hematopoietic progenitor cells.
• Donath-Landsteiner antibody is a biphasic IgG,directed to anti in patients with paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria (PCH).
• Donation process of blood being given to someone.
• Donor is an individual who gives blood in a blood donation

Donors:

• Voluntary blood donor gives blood on his/her own volition.
• Paid blood donor gives blood for monetary compensation.
• Walking blood donor is a prescreened donor who is on a list of qualified voluntary donors and is fit to donate. Dosage is when an antibody reacts more strongly with blood cells that has a double dose of antigens than those with a single dose.

Dyes:

• Blue dyes dye anti-A a blue color.
• Bromphenol blue
• Thymol blue
• Patent blue
• Yellow dyes dyes gives anti-B a yellow color.
• Acriflavin
• Tartrazine yellow
• Green dye combines a blue and yellow dye to dye AHG a green color.
• Eluate deliberately breaks red cell suspension to make the antibody into the surrounding medium.
• Elution treats cells coated with antibodies in order to disrupt the bond between the antigen and the antibody.
• Enzyme is a substance which acts as a catalyst in a reaction.

Enzymes:

• Bromelin is proteolytic and obtained from pineapple.
• Trypsin is proteolytic and formed in the human intestine.
• Ficin is proteolytic and obtained from the latex of fig trees.
• Papain is proteolytic and derived from papaya.
• Erythroblastosis fetalis is an incompatibility between the mother and the fetus that can severely damage the fetus/newborn due to RBC destruction; also known as "hydrops fetalis" or hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN).
• Exchange transfusion replaces an infant's coated RBCs with donor blood until one or two total blood volumes has been replaced.
• Exposure defines when a person is likely to get a foreign substance.
• Febrile reaction is a leukocyte reaction with a fever.
• Fetomaternal hemorrhage is the transplacental passage of fetal blood into the circulation of the maternal organism.
• Fibrin is a filamentous clot that forms with the actions of thrombin on firbinogen.
• Fibrinolysin, also "plasmin", has the ability to dissolve fibrin.
• Fibrinolysis dissolves fibrin due to the action of fibrinolsyin.
• Fibronectin is large glycoprotein that adheres to a cell.
• Gamma globulin is one of five types of immunoglobulin involved in immunity; produced during the second immune response.
• Gene is a unit of inheritance in a chromosome.

Gene Descriptors:

• Codominant is a descriptor for a pair of genes that neither are dominant.
• Amorphic is a gene that may not produce a detectable antigen.
• Allelic describes one of 2 different genes that may appear in a specific chromsome.
• Dominant describes a gene that is expressed no matter what.
• Recessive describes a gene that is not expressed unless it is in the homozygous form.
• Regulatory describes a gene that produces a repressor substance that inhibits an operator gene.
• Suppressor describes a gene that suppresses the expression of another gene.
• Gene locus describes a specific place on a chromosome.

Gene Positions:

• Cis-position describes a gene on one chromosome of a homologous pair affects the related gene on the same chromosome.
• Trans-position describes a gene on one chromosome of a homologous pair affects the action of the related gene on the other homolog.
• Genotype is a person's actual genetic makeup.
• Homozygous has two similar genes for a trait.
• Heterozygous has two different genes for the same trait.
• Glycerol is a cryoprotective agent.
• Glycerolization adds that agent to a red blood cell unit to prevent the hemolysis of erythrocytes while freezing.
• Glycolipid is a carbohydrate-attached lipid.
• Glycophorin is a type of intergral protein.
• Glycoproteins consists of both carbohydrates and protein.
• Glycosphingolipid is a sphingolipid containing sugar,glucose,galactose.
• Glycosyltransferase is an enzyme needed to attach sugar to a predetermined acceptor molecule.
• Graft vs. Host disease (GvHD) occurs hen engrafted attacks the hosts.
• Granulocytopenia decreases theamount of WBC in blood.
• Haplotype is group of genes that pass together.
• Hapten is a small substance to stimulate antibody production.
• Haptoglobin is a plasma protein which binds to hemoglobin.
• Hemodilution is an increase in volume of blood decreasingconcentration of red blood cells.
• Hemolysis is the distruction of blood cell,that release hemoglobin.

Types of Hemolysis:

• Extravascular destroys the blood vells outside.
• Intravascular destroys blood cessels from the inside.
• Hemolytic anemia is a severe condistion with low count.

Types of Hemolytic Anemia :

• Immune Hemolytic anemia is triggered by a humoral antibody
• Autoimmune Hemolytic anemia is where autoantibodies fight the patient own blood cells.
• Drug-induced hemolytic anemia comes from drug-induced.
• Alloimmune hemolytic anemia is foreign red cell antigens.