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Questions and Answers
What effect does frequent and dense cloud cover have on ground temperature?
What effect does frequent and dense cloud cover have on ground temperature?
Why does the subtropics zone receive the highest radiation in summer?
Why does the subtropics zone receive the highest radiation in summer?
Which characteristic is common in the temperate zone's climate?
Which characteristic is common in the temperate zone's climate?
What can occur in the subtropics zone during winter?
What can occur in the subtropics zone during winter?
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What defines the climate of the cold zone?
What defines the climate of the cold zone?
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What is a characteristic feature of the temperate zone compared to other zones?
What is a characteristic feature of the temperate zone compared to other zones?
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Where are most of the world's deserts located?
Where are most of the world's deserts located?
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What is indicated by the term 'temperate' in the temperate zone?
What is indicated by the term 'temperate' in the temperate zone?
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What characterizes the summer season in the region influenced by westerly winds?
What characterizes the summer season in the region influenced by westerly winds?
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What is the average annual rainfall in the region characterized by dry summer?
What is the average annual rainfall in the region characterized by dry summer?
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How do winter winds in the region typically behave?
How do winter winds in the region typically behave?
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Where is the Warm Temperate East Coast Climate Region experienced?
Where is the Warm Temperate East Coast Climate Region experienced?
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What is the average summer temperature in the Warm Temperate East Coast Climate Region?
What is the average summer temperature in the Warm Temperate East Coast Climate Region?
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What is notable about the rainfall in the Warm Temperate Continental Climate Region?
What is notable about the rainfall in the Warm Temperate Continental Climate Region?
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The Warm Mozambique current and southeastern trade winds most significantly affect which geographic region?
The Warm Mozambique current and southeastern trade winds most significantly affect which geographic region?
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Which of the following best describes the winters in the region characterized by moist westerly winds?
Which of the following best describes the winters in the region characterized by moist westerly winds?
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What causes the majority of African farmers to be vulnerable to climate change?
What causes the majority of African farmers to be vulnerable to climate change?
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Which of the following is NOT an impact of climate change on human health?
Which of the following is NOT an impact of climate change on human health?
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How is Africa described in terms of vulnerability to climate change?
How is Africa described in terms of vulnerability to climate change?
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What is considered the most important natural resource for life on Earth?
What is considered the most important natural resource for life on Earth?
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Which of the following factors does NOT influence the availability of water resources?
Which of the following factors does NOT influence the availability of water resources?
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What is the effect of increasing latitude on sunlight exposure?
What is the effect of increasing latitude on sunlight exposure?
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What climate condition is generally observed at the equator?
What climate condition is generally observed at the equator?
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What are the Sub-tropical High-Pressure Belts primarily responsible for?
What are the Sub-tropical High-Pressure Belts primarily responsible for?
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What name is given to the zone where trade winds converge around the equator?
What name is given to the zone where trade winds converge around the equator?
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What is the characteristic of the Harmattan winds?
What is the characteristic of the Harmattan winds?
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What type of wind system brings moisture and rainfall to West Africa?
What type of wind system brings moisture and rainfall to West Africa?
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Which latitude range does the African continent mostly extend up to?
Which latitude range does the African continent mostly extend up to?
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The Sub-tropical High-Pressure Belt creates which of the following wind patterns?
The Sub-tropical High-Pressure Belt creates which of the following wind patterns?
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What effect do warm ocean currents have on the coasts they flow along?
What effect do warm ocean currents have on the coasts they flow along?
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Which of the following is a warm ocean current found in Africa?
Which of the following is a warm ocean current found in Africa?
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What is a primary consequence of cool ocean currents?
What is a primary consequence of cool ocean currents?
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What type of conditions are often created by cool ocean currents?
What type of conditions are often created by cool ocean currents?
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Which coast is influenced by the Cool Canary Current?
Which coast is influenced by the Cool Canary Current?
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What is a significant result of cool ocean currents on fisheries?
What is a significant result of cool ocean currents on fisheries?
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Where can the rich fishing grounds associated with the Cool Benguela Current be found?
Where can the rich fishing grounds associated with the Cool Benguela Current be found?
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What happens to winds blowing over warm ocean currents?
What happens to winds blowing over warm ocean currents?
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What effect does climate have on people's food sources?
What effect does climate have on people's food sources?
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Which climate condition is likely to support a larger population?
Which climate condition is likely to support a larger population?
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How does climate affect the clothing people wear?
How does climate affect the clothing people wear?
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Which of the following describes a characteristic of mountainous regions such as the Ethiopian highlands?
Which of the following describes a characteristic of mountainous regions such as the Ethiopian highlands?
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What is a common characteristic of regions with extreme climates, such as deserts and rainforests?
What is a common characteristic of regions with extreme climates, such as deserts and rainforests?
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Which climate condition is least likely to support sustainable settlement?
Which climate condition is least likely to support sustainable settlement?
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What role does climate play in transportation infrastructure?
What role does climate play in transportation infrastructure?
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How does the diversity of climate in Africa influence its residents?
How does the diversity of climate in Africa influence its residents?
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Study Notes
Climate Change and its Challenges to Africa's Development
- Climate is the average weather conditions in a place over a long period (30 years or more).
- Weather is the short-term atmospheric condition (temperature, precipitation, etc.) on a specific day.
- Climate zones are large areas with similar climates, spread east-west around the Earth.
- Climate regions are areas with similar climate characteristics (temperature, precipitation, vegetation).
- Global climate is the average climate of Earth.
- Climate classifications are systems for categorizing world climates into regions.
- Ancient Greek classification divided the world into torrid, temperate, and frigid zones.
- Köppen system (most widely used) classifies climates based on temperature and precipitation.
- The Köppen system recognizes five principal climate groups: humid tropical, dry, humid middle-latitude (mild winters), humid middle-latitude (severe winters), and polar.
World Climate Zones and Regions
- Climate zones are belt-shaped and circular around the poles.
- Zones vary due to the angle of sunlight reaching Earth at different latitudes.
- Four major global climate zones include tropical, subtropical, temperate, and cold.
- The tropical zone lies between the equator and the tropics (0°–23.5° N and S), is warm and wet, with high solar radiation.
- The subtropical zone lies between the tropics and temperate zones (23.5°–40° N and S), receives high radiation in summer, less moisture.
- The temperate zone lies between subtropical and cold zones (40°–60° N and S), has cooler temperatures, and distinct seasons.
- The cold zone (60°–90° N and S) receives low solar radiation, has low temperatures, and large variations in day/night.
Climate Types and Regions of Africa
- Africa's climate is diverse, with equatorial, tropical wet-and-dry, semi-arid, hot desert, mediterranean, warm temperate, warm temperate continental, and mountain climates.
- The climate is highly variable in rainfall but relatively uniform in temperature across the continent.
- Africa's climate is characterized by strong seasonal variations, latitude, pressure systems, ocean currents, and altitude.
- The ITCZ (Intertropical Convergence Zone) impacts rainfall patterns.
- Equatorial climate is a hot, humid, and wet region in central Africa.
- Tropical wet-and-dry climate experiences seasonal rainfall, with a dry season.
- Semi-arid climate has lower rainfall than tropical wet-and-dry, with some areas arid (hot desert).
- Hot deserts (e.g., Sahara, Kalahari) have low rainfall, extreme temperatures, and high diurnal temperature ranges.
- Mediterranean climate has mild winters and warm, dry summers.
- Warm temperate regions along coasts experience higher rainfall.
- Warm temperate continental and mountain regions are usually found in highlands or inland areas, with various temperatures and rainfall characteristics.
Factors Controlling Africa's Climate
- Latitude is a major factor determining solar radiation and temperature variations.
- Pressure systems and winds, particularly the ITCZ, influence rainfall patterns.
- Ocean currents affect temperature and moisture content of the air along coastlines.
- Altitude affects temperature, with higher altitudes being cooler.
- Land–water distribution affects temperature and precipitation regimes.
Climate and Agriculture in Africa
- Agriculture is a vital sector in Africa, highly dependent on weather conditions.
- Rainfall, warmth, and sunshine are key for crop production.
- Climate change impacts agricultural systems, particularly rainfall variability and temperature changes.
- Lack of infrastructure for farmers affects agricultural production.
Climate and Health in Africa
- Climate change's effects on water, food, and health are significant.
- Climate variations and extreme events can cause significant health issues.
- Low adaptive capacity in many parts of the continent pose significant risk for climate change effects.
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