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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the Ego in the structure of personality?
What is the primary function of the Ego in the structure of personality?
During which psychosexual stage is the mouth considered the principal erogenous zone?
During which psychosexual stage is the mouth considered the principal erogenous zone?
What results from the Ego being overwhelmed by the ID?
What results from the Ego being overwhelmed by the ID?
Which defense mechanism involves retreating to an earlier stage of psychosexual development?
Which defense mechanism involves retreating to an earlier stage of psychosexual development?
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What is the primary characteristic of the Superego?
What is the primary characteristic of the Superego?
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What is the outcome of excessive stimulation during the anal stage of development?
What is the outcome of excessive stimulation during the anal stage of development?
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Which of the following is NOT a recognized defense mechanism?
Which of the following is NOT a recognized defense mechanism?
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In which psychosexual stage does sexual motivation recede and focus shift to other developmental tasks?
In which psychosexual stage does sexual motivation recede and focus shift to other developmental tasks?
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Which agency of the mind is primarily associated with irrational desires and immediate gratification?
Which agency of the mind is primarily associated with irrational desires and immediate gratification?
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What does Freud's phase II, the 'topographical perspective', primarily focus on?
What does Freud's phase II, the 'topographical perspective', primarily focus on?
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Which of the following best describes the primary source of intrapsychic conflict according to the psychodynamic perspective?
Which of the following best describes the primary source of intrapsychic conflict according to the psychodynamic perspective?
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Which of these concepts is rooted in Freud's understanding of anxiety as it relates to psychic conflict?
Which of these concepts is rooted in Freud's understanding of anxiety as it relates to psychic conflict?
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In Freud's structural model, which component is seen as the moral guardian of an individual's behavior?
In Freud's structural model, which component is seen as the moral guardian of an individual's behavior?
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Which defense mechanism involves redirecting anger towards a safer outlet?
Which defense mechanism involves redirecting anger towards a safer outlet?
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What does sublimation refer to in the context of defense mechanisms?
What does sublimation refer to in the context of defense mechanisms?
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Which of the following best describes operant conditioning?
Which of the following best describes operant conditioning?
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What is the primary technique used in psychoanalysis to explore the unconscious?
What is the primary technique used in psychoanalysis to explore the unconscious?
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In the context of psychosexual development, which stage is characterized by repressed sexual feelings?
In the context of psychosexual development, which stage is characterized by repressed sexual feelings?
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Which of the following defense mechanisms involves refusing to acknowledge an anxiety-provoking event?
Which of the following defense mechanisms involves refusing to acknowledge an anxiety-provoking event?
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How does B.F. Skinner define personality?
How does B.F. Skinner define personality?
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Which term refers to the use of reinforcement to increase behaviors?
Which term refers to the use of reinforcement to increase behaviors?
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Which of the following would NOT be considered a psychodynamic approach to treating anxiety disorders?
Which of the following would NOT be considered a psychodynamic approach to treating anxiety disorders?
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What does the defense mechanism of projection involve?
What does the defense mechanism of projection involve?
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Which factor of the Big Five Personality Factors is associated with being organized and careful?
Which factor of the Big Five Personality Factors is associated with being organized and careful?
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Which statement best describes an individual with a high level of neuroticism?
Which statement best describes an individual with a high level of neuroticism?
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In the context of the social cognitive perspective, which term refers to the process of learning through watching and imitating others?
In the context of the social cognitive perspective, which term refers to the process of learning through watching and imitating others?
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What does Bandura's concept of reciprocal determinism emphasize?
What does Bandura's concept of reciprocal determinism emphasize?
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Which locus of control refers to the belief that one controls their own fate?
Which locus of control refers to the belief that one controls their own fate?
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In James Marcia's identity states, what determines whether an adolescent is in a state of identity achievement?
In James Marcia's identity states, what determines whether an adolescent is in a state of identity achievement?
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Which trait from the Big Five is associated with a preference for variety and imagination?
Which trait from the Big Five is associated with a preference for variety and imagination?
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According to social cognitive theory, which of the following directly influences behavior?
According to social cognitive theory, which of the following directly influences behavior?
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Which of the following best describes a person demonstrating high agreeableness?
Which of the following best describes a person demonstrating high agreeableness?
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What is a common characteristic of adolescents in the identity diffusion state according to Marcia?
What is a common characteristic of adolescents in the identity diffusion state according to Marcia?
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What characterizes identity diffusion in adolescence?
What characterizes identity diffusion in adolescence?
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Which of the following best defines identity achievement?
Which of the following best defines identity achievement?
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The spotlight effect primarily describes an individual's tendency to:
The spotlight effect primarily describes an individual's tendency to:
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What does self-serving bias involve?
What does self-serving bias involve?
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Which of the following is a projective test that uses ambiguous stimuli?
Which of the following is a projective test that uses ambiguous stimuli?
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The most widely used projective test designed to analyze one's interpretations is:
The most widely used projective test designed to analyze one's interpretations is:
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What type of assessment tool is a personality inventory?
What type of assessment tool is a personality inventory?
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Which stage of identity development involves adopting values without question?
Which stage of identity development involves adopting values without question?
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Which term refers to the readiness to perceive oneself favorably?
Which term refers to the readiness to perceive oneself favorably?
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Identity moratorium is characterized by:
Identity moratorium is characterized by:
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Study Notes
Lecture Objectives
- What is personality theory?
- Psychodynamic/psychoanalytic perspective
- Behavioral perspective
- Humanistic perspective
- Trait perspective
- Social Cognitive perspective
- Exploring the self
- Assessment techniques
What is Personality?
- Personality is a characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.
- Personality is relatively stable and enduring.
- Personality is inherited and shaped by life events and experiences.
Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic Perspective
- Developed from Sigmund Freud's theory.
- Childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality.
- Three phases of Freud's theory:
- Affect-trauma model: symptoms result from trauma or abuse.
- Topographical perspective: conscious, preconscious, and unconscious components of the mind.
- Structural model: the mind consists of the id, ego, and superego.
The Structure of the Personality
-
Id:
- Source of instinctual drives.
- Wants immediate gratification.
- Pleasure principle.
- Present at birth.
- Focused on fulfilling basic needs.
-
Ego:
- Develops after the id.
- Executive branch of personality.
- Mediates between the id and reality.
- Reality principle.
-
Superego:
- Emerges from the ego.
- Moral values of society.
- Works with the ego to inhibit the id.
- Morality principle.
Psychosexual Stages of Development
- Oral: First year - pleasure centers on the mouth.
- Anal: Second year - pleasure centers on the anus.
- Phallic: 3-5 years - pleasure centers on the genitals.
- Latency: 6-13 years - sexual feelings are dormant.
- Genital: Puberty and adulthood - sexual interests mature.
Anxiety and Defence Mechanisms
- Anxiety is a causal factor in psychopathology.
- Ego defense mechanisms are unconscious protective methods.
- Repression: Anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories are banished from consciousness.
- Regression: Individuals may retreat to a more infantile psychosexual stage when faced with anxiety.
- Projection: People disguise threatening impulses by attributing them to others.
- Reaction formation: Unacceptable impulses are transformed into their opposite.
- Rationalization: Self-justifying explanations are offered in place of real, more threatening unconscious reasons.
- Displacement: Sexual or aggressive impulses are shifted toward a more acceptable/less threatening object or person.
- Denial: An outright denial of an impulse, thought, or memory.
- Sublimation: Finding socially acceptable outlets for sexual or aggressive urges.
Behavioural Psychology
- Operant/Instrumental conditioning (B.F. Skinner): Behaviour is shaped by reinforcement.
- Operant conditioning shapes behaviour through reinforcement and punishment.
Humanistic Psychology
- Positive view of human beings.
- Importance of conscious experience.
- Human beings are determining, having free will.
Carl Rogers: Person-Centered Perspective
- Focused on growth and fulfilment of individuals.
- Factors needed for good development: genuineness, acceptance, and empathy.
Trait Perspective
- Views personality as stable and enduring behaviour patterns or traits.
- Traits represent a characteristic pattern of behaviour and disposition.
- Gordon Allport, Hans Eysenck - Identifying traits and analyzing them.
- The Big Five personality factors: Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Openness, and Extraversion.
Social Cognitive Perspective - Bandura
- Learning behaviour through observing and imitating.
- Reciprocal determinism: interaction between behaviour, personal factors, and environmental factors.
Social Cognitive Perspective - Rotter
- Personal control: our sense of controlling our environments.
- External locus of control: believing that chance or outside forces dictate fate.
- Internal locus of control: believing that individual actions determine fate.
Exploring the Self
-
James Marcia's Identity States:
- Identity Foreclosure: Blindly accepting family and significant others' values.
- Identity Moratorium: Exploring values and self-concepts.
- Identity Diffusion: Lack of clear identity and no attempt to find one.
- Identity Achievement: Well-defined personal values and self-concepts.
- Spotlight effect: Overestimating how much others notice personal appearance and behaviour.
- Self-esteem: Feelings of self-worth.
- Self-serving bias: Tendency to perceive oneself favorably.
Assessment Techniques
- Projective tests (e.g., Rorschach Inkblot Test, Thematic Apperception Test): Stimuli designed to trigger projection of inner dynamics.
- Personality inventories: Questionnaires with true-false or agree-disagree items to gauge feelings and behaviors.
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