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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the Ego in the structure of personality?

  • To impose moral values inherited from society
  • To mediate between the demands of the ID and external reality (correct)
  • To exert control over sexual fantasies and desires
  • To seek immediate gratification of instinctual needs
  • During which psychosexual stage is the mouth considered the principal erogenous zone?

  • Phallic stage
  • Anal stage
  • Genital stage
  • Oral stage (correct)
  • What results from the Ego being overwhelmed by the ID?

  • Neurosis (correct)
  • Emotional resilience
  • Psychosexual fixation
  • Moral development
  • Which defense mechanism involves retreating to an earlier stage of psychosexual development?

    <p>Regression (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the Superego?

    <p>Mediates societal moral values (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of excessive stimulation during the anal stage of development?

    <p>Formation of anal-retentive personality (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a recognized defense mechanism?

    <p>Criticism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which psychosexual stage does sexual motivation recede and focus shift to other developmental tasks?

    <p>Latency stage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agency of the mind is primarily associated with irrational desires and immediate gratification?

    <p>Id (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Freud's phase II, the 'topographical perspective', primarily focus on?

    <p>The organization of mental processes into levels of awareness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the primary source of intrapsychic conflict according to the psychodynamic perspective?

    <p>The interaction between ego and superego (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these concepts is rooted in Freud's understanding of anxiety as it relates to psychic conflict?

    <p>Defense mechanisms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Freud's structural model, which component is seen as the moral guardian of an individual's behavior?

    <p>Superego (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which defense mechanism involves redirecting anger towards a safer outlet?

    <p>Displacement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does sublimation refer to in the context of defense mechanisms?

    <p>Finding socially acceptable outlets for urges (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes operant conditioning?

    <p>Behavior influenced by reinforcement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary technique used in psychoanalysis to explore the unconscious?

    <p>Dream analysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of psychosexual development, which stage is characterized by repressed sexual feelings?

    <p>Latency stage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following defense mechanisms involves refusing to acknowledge an anxiety-provoking event?

    <p>Denial (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does B.F. Skinner define personality?

    <p>A collection of response tendencies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the use of reinforcement to increase behaviors?

    <p>Reinforcement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following would NOT be considered a psychodynamic approach to treating anxiety disorders?

    <p>Cognitive behavioral therapy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the defense mechanism of projection involve?

    <p>Attributing one's unacceptable thoughts to another person (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor of the Big Five Personality Factors is associated with being organized and careful?

    <p>Conscientiousness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes an individual with a high level of neuroticism?

    <p>They are anxious and insecure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the social cognitive perspective, which term refers to the process of learning through watching and imitating others?

    <p>Modelling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Bandura's concept of reciprocal determinism emphasize?

    <p>That behavior, cognition, and environmental factors influence each other. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which locus of control refers to the belief that one controls their own fate?

    <p>Internal Locus of Control (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In James Marcia's identity states, what determines whether an adolescent is in a state of identity achievement?

    <p>They are both searching for and committed to an identity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trait from the Big Five is associated with a preference for variety and imagination?

    <p>Openness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to social cognitive theory, which of the following directly influences behavior?

    <p>Both cognition and environmental factors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a person demonstrating high agreeableness?

    <p>Helpful and trusting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of adolescents in the identity diffusion state according to Marcia?

    <p>Low commitment and low exploration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes identity diffusion in adolescence?

    <p>Making no attempt to find one's identity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines identity achievement?

    <p>Having well-defined personal values and a strong sense of self (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The spotlight effect primarily describes an individual's tendency to:

    <p>Overestimate others' observation of their behaviors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does self-serving bias involve?

    <p>Favorably perceiving oneself (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a projective test that uses ambiguous stimuli?

    <p>Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most widely used projective test designed to analyze one's interpretations is:

    <p>Rorschach Inkblot Test (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of assessment tool is a personality inventory?

    <p>A structured questionnaire targeting specific traits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of identity development involves adopting values without question?

    <p>Identity Foreclosure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the readiness to perceive oneself favorably?

    <p>Self-Serving Bias (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identity moratorium is characterized by:

    <p>A lack of ideological commitment while exploring identity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    ID

    The part of personality that is present at birth; it seeks immediate gratification of needs via the pleasure principle.

    Ego

    The part of personality that develops after the ID; it mediates between the ID's desires and the real world using the reality principle.

    Superego

    The part of personality that develops from the ego, incorporating societal morals and values; it works with the ego to control the ID.

    Psychosexual Stages

    Stages of development focused on different erogenous zones (body parts) where conflicts may occur, potentially influencing later personality.

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    Oral Stage

    The first psychosexual stage where the mouth is the source of pleasure and gratification during the first year of life.

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    Anal Stage

    The second psychosexual stage (around second year) where pleasure & conflict revolve around the anus.

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    Defense Mechanism

    Unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce anxiety by distorting reality.

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    Repression

    A defense mechanism where unwanted thoughts or feelings are pushed into the unconscious mind.

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    Displacement

    Redirecting unacceptable impulses to a safer target.

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    Denial

    Rejecting a disturbing thought or event.

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    Sublimation

    Channeling unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behaviors.

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    Psychoanalysis

    A therapy method focusing on the unconscious.

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    Free Association

    A psychoanalytic technique of freely talking about thoughts.

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    Resistance (in therapy)

    The reluctance a patient experiences during therapy.

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    Dream analysis

    Deciphering the meaning of dreams in therapy.

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    Operant conditioning

    Learning by association of behavior with consequences.

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    Reinforcers

    Events that increase the likelihood of a behavior.

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    Punishers

    Events that decrease the likelihood of a behavior.

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    What is personality?

    A consistent way of thinking, feeling, and acting that is relatively stable and enduring, shaped by both inheritance and personal experiences.

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    What is the 'unconscious' in psychodynamic theory?

    A part of our mind that is not accessible to conscious awareness, containing repressed memories, thoughts, and desires that affect our behavior.

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    What are drives in the 'structural model'?

    Basic biological urges that motivate our behavior according to Freud. These drives are rooted in our biology and are innate.

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    What are the three agencies of the mind in the structural model?

    According to Freud, the mind is composed of the id (primitive desires), ego (mediator), and superego (moral conscience).

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    What is the 'topographical perspective'?

    This model divides the mind into three levels of consciousness: conscious, preconscious, and unconscious.

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    Identity Foreclosure

    Accepting values and identity given by family and others without questioning or exploring alternatives.

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    Identity Moratorium

    A period of searching and exploration for personal values and commitments.

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    Identity Diffusion

    Lack of clear sense of self and no effort to find one's identity.

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    Identity Achievement

    Having developed a strong sense of self, values, and commitments.

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    Spotlight Effect

    Overestimating how much others notice our appearances, actions, and mistakes.

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    Self-Esteem

    One's overall feeling of self-worth and value.

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    Self-Serving Bias

    Tendency to perceive oneself in a favorable light.

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    Projective Test

    Personality test using ambiguous stimuli like images or stories to reveal inner thoughts and feelings.

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    Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

    Projective test where people create stories about ambiguous images, revealing their thoughts and feelings.

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    Rorschach Inkblot Test

    Projective test using inkblots to reveal inner feelings, based on interpretations.

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    Big Five Personality Factors

    A model that describes five broad personality traits: Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Openness, and Extraversion. Each trait represents a range from one extreme to another, explaining a wide range of individual differences.

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    Conscientiousness

    The tendency to be organized, disciplined, careful, and responsible. High conscientiousness is associated with achievement-oriented behavior and goal-directedness.

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    Agreeableness

    The tendency to be cooperative, trusting, helpful, and empathetic. High agreeableness is associated with prosocial behavior and strong interpersonal skills.

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    Neuroticism

    The tendency to experience negative emotions like anxiety, stress, and sadness. High neuroticism is associated with emotional sensitivity and vulnerability.

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    Openness

    The tendency to be imaginative, curious, and open to new experiences. High openness is associated with intellectual exploration and a willingness to embrace novelty.

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    Extraversion

    The tendency to be outgoing, sociable, and energetic. High extraversion is associated with a need for social interaction and stimulation.

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    Reciprocal Determinism

    The idea that behavior, internal personal factors (thoughts, feelings), and environmental influences all interact and influence each other.

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    Internal Locus of Control

    The belief that one controls their own fate and that their actions have a direct impact on their outcomes.

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    External Locus of Control

    The belief that chance or outside forces determine one's fate and that personal actions have little impact on outcomes.

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    Modeling

    Learning by observing and imitating the behavior of another person.

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    Study Notes

    Lecture Objectives

    • What is personality theory?
    • Psychodynamic/psychoanalytic perspective
    • Behavioral perspective
    • Humanistic perspective
    • Trait perspective
    • Social Cognitive perspective
    • Exploring the self
    • Assessment techniques

    What is Personality?

    • Personality is a characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.
    • Personality is relatively stable and enduring.
    • Personality is inherited and shaped by life events and experiences.

    Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic Perspective

    • Developed from Sigmund Freud's theory.
    • Childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality.
    • Three phases of Freud's theory:
      • Affect-trauma model: symptoms result from trauma or abuse.
      • Topographical perspective: conscious, preconscious, and unconscious components of the mind.
      • Structural model: the mind consists of the id, ego, and superego.

    The Structure of the Personality

    • Id:

      • Source of instinctual drives.
      • Wants immediate gratification.
      • Pleasure principle.
      • Present at birth.
      • Focused on fulfilling basic needs.
    • Ego:

      • Develops after the id.
      • Executive branch of personality.
      • Mediates between the id and reality.
      • Reality principle.
    • Superego:

      • Emerges from the ego.
      • Moral values of society.
      • Works with the ego to inhibit the id.
      • Morality principle.

    Psychosexual Stages of Development

    • Oral: First year - pleasure centers on the mouth.
    • Anal: Second year - pleasure centers on the anus.
    • Phallic: 3-5 years - pleasure centers on the genitals.
    • Latency: 6-13 years - sexual feelings are dormant.
    • Genital: Puberty and adulthood - sexual interests mature.

    Anxiety and Defence Mechanisms

    • Anxiety is a causal factor in psychopathology.
    • Ego defense mechanisms are unconscious protective methods.
      • Repression: Anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories are banished from consciousness.
      • Regression: Individuals may retreat to a more infantile psychosexual stage when faced with anxiety.
      • Projection: People disguise threatening impulses by attributing them to others.
      • Reaction formation: Unacceptable impulses are transformed into their opposite.
      • Rationalization: Self-justifying explanations are offered in place of real, more threatening unconscious reasons.
      • Displacement: Sexual or aggressive impulses are shifted toward a more acceptable/less threatening object or person.
      • Denial: An outright denial of an impulse, thought, or memory.
      • Sublimation: Finding socially acceptable outlets for sexual or aggressive urges.

    Behavioural Psychology

    • Operant/Instrumental conditioning (B.F. Skinner): Behaviour is shaped by reinforcement.
    • Operant conditioning shapes behaviour through reinforcement and punishment.

    Humanistic Psychology

    • Positive view of human beings.
    • Importance of conscious experience.
    • Human beings are determining, having free will.

    Carl Rogers: Person-Centered Perspective

    • Focused on growth and fulfilment of individuals.
    • Factors needed for good development: genuineness, acceptance, and empathy.

    Trait Perspective

    • Views personality as stable and enduring behaviour patterns or traits.
    • Traits represent a characteristic pattern of behaviour and disposition.
    • Gordon Allport, Hans Eysenck - Identifying traits and analyzing them.
    • The Big Five personality factors: Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Openness, and Extraversion.

    Social Cognitive Perspective - Bandura

    • Learning behaviour through observing and imitating.
    • Reciprocal determinism: interaction between behaviour, personal factors, and environmental factors.

    Social Cognitive Perspective - Rotter

    • Personal control: our sense of controlling our environments.
    • External locus of control: believing that chance or outside forces dictate fate.
    • Internal locus of control: believing that individual actions determine fate.

    Exploring the Self

    • James Marcia's Identity States:
      • Identity Foreclosure: Blindly accepting family and significant others' values.
      • Identity Moratorium: Exploring values and self-concepts.
      • Identity Diffusion: Lack of clear identity and no attempt to find one.
      • Identity Achievement: Well-defined personal values and self-concepts.
    • Spotlight effect: Overestimating how much others notice personal appearance and behaviour.
    • Self-esteem: Feelings of self-worth.
    • Self-serving bias: Tendency to perceive oneself favorably.

    Assessment Techniques

    • Projective tests (e.g., Rorschach Inkblot Test, Thematic Apperception Test): Stimuli designed to trigger projection of inner dynamics.
    • Personality inventories: Questionnaires with true-false or agree-disagree items to gauge feelings and behaviors.

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