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Questions and Answers

What are the four major Macromolecules of life?

Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids

What is the name given to the small molecules that join together to form polymers?

  • Dimers
  • Trimmers
  • Monomers (correct)
  • Tetramers

    • The process of breaking down polymers into monomers is called dehydration.

    False (B)

    What are the three types of carbohydrates?

    <p>Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a monosaccharide?

    <p>Glucose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fructose is a disaccharide.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of lipids?

    <p>Triglycerides and Steroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of triglycerides?

    <p>Providing energy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the monomers that make up proteins?

    <p>Amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There are 20 different types of amino acids used to make proteins.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond connects amino acids together?

    <p>Peptide bond (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All proteins have the same four levels of structure.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name given to proteins that act as catalysts in biological reactions?

    <p>Enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enzymes can only speed up reactions that would occur spontaneously without them.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name given to the molecule that an enzyme acts upon?

    <p>Substrate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enzymes are not affected by changes in temperature or pH.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of nucleic acids?

    <p>DNA and RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?

    <p>Nucleotides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNA contains the genetic code for all living organisms.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of RNA?

    <p>Translating genetic information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNA and RNA have the same four nitrogenous bases.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main types of anatomical planes?

    <p>Sagittal, Coronal, and Transverse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plane divides the body into left and right sections?

    <p>Sagittal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The coronal plane divides the body into upper and lower sections.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plane divides the body into upper and lower sections?

    <p>Transverse (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term "proximal" refers to a structure that is farther from the trunk of the body.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main body cavities?

    <p>Dorsal body cavity and Ventral body cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The thoracic cavity contains the heart and lungs.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?

    <p>Diaphragm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The abdominal cavity contains the stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, and gallbladder.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the pelvic cavity?

    <p>Containing the urinary bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is homeostasis?

    <p>The maintenance of a stable internal environment despite external and internal fluctuations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Negative feedback mechanisms amplify changes in the body.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a sensor in a negative feedback loop?

    <p>Detecting changes in the internal environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The integrating center in a negative feedback loop is always located in the brain.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of an effector in a negative feedback loop?

    <p>Initiating a response to correct an imbalance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Positive feedback mechanisms are more common than negative feedback mechanisms in maintaining homeostasis.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic regulation?

    <p>Intrinsic regulation occurs within an organ itself, while extrinsic regulation involves external factors like the nervous or endocrine system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hormones are chemical messengers that are secreted into the bloodstream.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a target organ?

    <p>Responding to specific hormones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The nervous system can influence the secretion of hormones.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four primary tissues that make up the body?

    <p>Muscle tissue, Nervous tissue, Epithelial tissue, Connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Muscle tissue is specialized for contraction.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle is responsible for voluntary movement?

    <p>Skeletal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cardiac muscle is striated.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle is found in the walls of the digestive tract?

    <p>Smooth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nervous tissue is specialized for transmitting electrical impulses.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are neuroglial cells?

    <p>Cells that support and protect neurons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Epithelial tissue is responsible for lining body surfaces and cavities.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of glands secrete their products through a duct?

    <p>Exocrine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Simple epithelial membranes typically provide more protection than stratified epithelial membranes.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelial cells are flattened in shape?

    <p>Squamous (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cuboidal epithelial cells are taller than they are wide.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelial cells are taller than they are wide?

    <p>Columnar (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Molecular Building Blocks of Life

    • All matter is made up of atoms and molecules
    • Four biological elements account for 96% of living matter: carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen
    • These four elements combine to create the four major macromolecules of life: carbohydrates, fats (polymers of fatty acids), proteins (polymers of amino acids), and nucleic acids (polymerize to form DNA and RNA)
    • Most macromolecules are polymers
    • Made by stringing together many smaller molecules called monomers, bonded by dehydration reactions
    • Broken down by hydrolysis

    Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis

    • Monomers are joined by removing a hydroxyl group (OH) from one monomer and a hydrogen (H) atom from another, releasing a water molecule (H₂O)
    • Monomers are released by adding a water molecule (adding OH to one monomer and H to the other)

    Biological Macromolecules

    • Carbohydrates:

      • Include polysaccharides, disaccharides, and monosaccharides
      • Monosaccharides are single-sugar units: glucose, fructose, galactose
      • Disaccharides are double-sugar units: sucrose, lactose, maltose
      • Polysaccharides are multi-sugar polymers: glycogen, starch, cellulose

    • Lipids:

      • Biological compounds containing hydrocarbons
      • Not soluble in water (hydrophobic)
      • Examples: fats, waxes, oils, sterols, triglycerides, phospholipids
      • Importance: major structural component of cell membranes, major class of chemical messengers (e.g., steroid hormones), major store of energy (triglycerides), major source of energy (fatty acids), major solvent for certain vitamins (A, D, E, and K), major functional barriers (e.g., skin oils), major source of insulation/cushioning of vital organs
      • Relevant Types:
        • Fatty acids: long hydrocarbon chains with a carboxyl group
          • Saturated: straight chains, solid at room temperature
          • Unsaturated: kinked chains, liquid at room temperature
        • Triglycerides: three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol through dehydration (ester linkage)
        • Steroids: any fatty substances containing four carbon rings; cholesterol is the base steroid from which your body produces other steroids (sex hormones)

    • Proteins:

      • Biological polymers of linked amino acid monomers (via a peptide bond)
      • The most complex and functionally diverse molecules of living organisms
      • Importance: protein enzymes, protein hormones, carrier proteins, cellular receptor proteins, membrane transporter proteins, contractile proteins, structural proteins, storage proteins, defensive proteins, sensory proteins, gene regulatory proteins
      • Amino Acids:
        • Consist of a central carbon covalently bonded to 4 partners: an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a side group (variable among 20 amino acid types)
        • Joined by dehydration reactions forming peptide bonds
        • 20 relevant amino acids; some are essential (must be consumed in food), others are non-essential (body can synthesize them)
      • Protein Shape/Structures:
        • Primary: multiple peptide bonds (polypeptide chains)
        • Secondary: local folding of the protein chain
        • Tertiary: three-dimensional structure of a single polypeptide chain
        • Quaternary: structure formed by multiple polypeptide chains

    • Nucleic Acids:

      • Family of biopolymers named for their role in the cell nucleus
      • Composed of chains of monomeric nucleotides (bases):
        • Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C)
        • In DNA, Uracil is replaced by thymine in RNA
      • Joined by a sugar-phosphate backbone
      • Importance: provide the directions for building all proteins necessary for life, encode phenotypes/traits in all animals, central to the success of evolution
      • Types:
        • DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid, stable genetic code
        • RNA: ribonucleic acid, translates genetic information from DNA into proteins, acts as a messenger, uses Uracil instead of Thymine

    Homeostasis

    • The body maintains a stable internal environment
    • Negative feedback mechanisms detect deviations from a set point, initiate responses that return the system to normal
      • Components: stimulus, sensor, control center, effector, response
    • Positive feedback mechanisms amplify changes that increase the response, for example, in blood clotting and childbirth.

    Body Organization

    • Composed of cells
    • Cells of similar function are organized into tissues: muscle, nervous, epithelial, connective.

    Anatomical Planes and Positions

    • Anatomical position: standing erect, facing forward, feet together, arms hanging at sides with palms facing forward
    • Planes: sagittal (divides body left/right), coronal (divides body front/back), and transverse (divides body upper/lower)

    Body Cavities

    • Dorsal body cavity: cranial cavity (brain) and vertebral canal (spinal cord).
    • Ventral body cavity: thoracic (heart, lungs) and abdominopelvic (stomach, intestines, liver).

    Neural and Endocrine Regulation

    • Regulation by nervous and endocrine systems
    • Nervous: controls secretions, some hormones affect nervous system
    • Endocrine: achieves regulation by hormone secretions into blood to stimulate target organs.

    Positive and Negative Feedback Loops

    • Negative: reverses deviations from set point. (e.g., blood pressure, temperature)

    • Positive: amplifies initial stimulus. (e.g., blood clotting, childbirth)

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