QCM sémio éval

Dyspnea, or shortness of breath, is a subjective symptom experienced by the patient, not a physical sign that can be observed by a medical professional.

Obesity is defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or greater. This means that a person's weight is significantly higher than what is considered healthy for their height.

Marasmus, a form of malnutrition, is characterized by a lack of energy and protein, leading to severe weight loss and muscle wasting. While inflammation plays a role in some forms of malnutrition, it's not a dominant factor in marasmus.

A bronzed skin appearance is a characteristic sign of chronic adrenal insufficiency, also known as Addison's disease. This darkening of the skin is due to an increased production of melanin.

Hyponatremia, or a low sodium level in the blood, is a characteristic of extracellular fluid dehydration. In pure extracellular fluid dehydration, the sodium concentration decreases as water is lost from the body.

Fluctuations in symptoms, meaning the severity and type of cognitive impairments change over time, are a hallmark of confusion. Dementia, on the other hand, typically involves a gradual and progressive decline in cognitive abilities.

The BREF scale, or Brief Cognitive Screening Tool, is designed to assess global cognitive functioning, not specifically focusing on episodic memory. It covers a wide range of cognitive domains, including attention, language, and executive functions.

Anginal pain, chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart, can vary in its presentation and location. It's not always localized precisely and might not be pinpointed with an index finger.

Polypnea, or rapid breathing, is not a sign of respiratory failure. It can be a compensatory mechanism to increase oxygen intake in the body. Respiratory failure, on the other hand, involves an inability of the lungs to provide adequate oxygenation.

Slow walking speed is one of the components of the Frailty Index, a tool used to assess frailty in older adults. This index also includes other indicators like weight loss, weakness, exhaustion, and low physical activity.

Chronic cough can significantly disrupt sleep patterns, leading to fatigue and daytime sleepiness. It can also lead to sleep apnea, a condition where breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep.

A pulmonary nodule, a small growth in the lung, unless it directly affects the pleura, is unlikely to cause chest pain. Chest pain is more commonly associated with conditions that directly irritate or inflame the lining of the lungs or surrounding structures.

Cardiac arrhythmias, irregular heartbeats, are not a specific sign of heart failure. While arrhythmias may occur in patients with heart failure, they don't necessarily indicate the condition. Other signs like shortness of breath, fatigue, and swelling of the legs are more characteristic of heart failure.

Hematemesis, the vomiting of blood, is not a typical symptom of colorectal cancer. It is more commonly associated with problems in the upper gastrointestinal tract, such as ulcers or esophageal bleeding.

A skin fold, also known as a tenting sign, indicates dehydration in older adults. Skin elasticity decreases with age, and a poorly hydrated skin loses its ability to snap back into place quickly after being pinched.

Bradypsychia, a slowing of thought processes, is a common symptom of depression. People with depression may experience difficulty concentrating, making decisions, or thinking clearly.

The OMI (Obesity-Related Morbidity Index) is used to assess the health risks associated with obesity and is not a characteristic of marasmus, which is due to energy and protein deficiency.

Palpebral retraction, or eyelid widening, is not a sign of Cushing's disease. It is more characteristic of hyperthyroidism, an overactive thyroid gland, where the eyelids are retracted and the eyes may bulge slightly.

Levothyroxine treatment is a mainstay of treatment for hypothyroidism. This synthetic hormone helps to replace the thyroid hormone that is not being produced sufficiently by the body.

Religious beliefs are subjective and personal elements that are not typically included in a medical observation. Medical observations primarily focus on objective findings, such as symptoms, signs, and diagnostic test results.

Delusions are fixed false beliefs that are not consistent with reality and cannot be corrected by logical reasoning or evidence. They represent a significant disturbance in the content of thought and can have a major impact on a person's behavior and perceptions.

Bradypsychia, a slowing of thought processes, is a common symptom of depression. People with depression may experience difficulty concentrating, making decisions, or thinking clearly. This can be a significant complaint for those experiencing depression.

Rhonchi, coarse rattling sounds heard during auscultation of the lungs, can often be cleared by coughing. This is because they are caused by secretions in the larger airways, which can be expelled by coughing.

Dyspnea, or shortness of breath, is not a common symptom of sleep apnea. Sleep apnea, on the other hand, is characterized by periods of pauses in breathing during sleep. This sleep disturbance can cause daytime fatigue, but not necessarily dyspnea.

Fatigue is a frequent symptom of hypothyroidism. This is because hypothyroidism affects the metabolism and can lead to a feeling of low energy and sluggishness.

Diarrhea is not a characteristic sign of hypoglycemia. It is more typical of gastrointestinal problems, such as food poisoning or infections. Hypoglycemia, on the other hand, is characterized by low blood sugar levels and can manifest with symptoms like confusion, sweating, shakiness, and dizziness.

A defense, a rigidity in the abdominal muscles, is not always located at McBurney's point. McBurney's point specifically points towards appendicitis. While a defense can be a sign of inflammation, its location determines its significance.

Pulsatile, throbbing pain in the anal area is a hallmark of an anal abscess. This pain is often constant and intensifies with straining or bowel movements, making an anal abscess a likely diagnosis.