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Questions and Answers
What is the main function of the respiratory system?
What is the main function of the respiratory system?
Which vertebrae do not have a spinous process?
Which vertebrae do not have a spinous process?
What is the purpose of the transverse foramen found in cervical vertebrae?
What is the purpose of the transverse foramen found in cervical vertebrae?
Which structure facilitates the expansion of the thoracic cavity during inhalation?
Which structure facilitates the expansion of the thoracic cavity during inhalation?
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How many true ribs are there in the human body?
How many true ribs are there in the human body?
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What is the significance of the foramen magnum?
What is the significance of the foramen magnum?
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What structure is primarily responsible for changing air pressure in the lungs during expiration?
What structure is primarily responsible for changing air pressure in the lungs during expiration?
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Which part of the rib connects it directly to the thoracic vertebrae?
Which part of the rib connects it directly to the thoracic vertebrae?
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What is the role of the cauda equina?
What is the role of the cauda equina?
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Which part of the respiratory system is involved in producing voice and speech?
Which part of the respiratory system is involved in producing voice and speech?
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Which vertebrae are fused to form the sacrum?
Which vertebrae are fused to form the sacrum?
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What is the primary factor that causes air to be drawn into the lungs during inhalation?
What is the primary factor that causes air to be drawn into the lungs during inhalation?
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Which part of the lung is specifically referred to as the base?
Which part of the lung is specifically referred to as the base?
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What is the unit for measuring pressure according to the information provided?
What is the unit for measuring pressure according to the information provided?
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How does volume affect pressure in a syringe?
How does volume affect pressure in a syringe?
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What is the average tidal volume for adults?
What is the average tidal volume for adults?
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What is required for phonation to occur beneath the vocal folds?
What is required for phonation to occur beneath the vocal folds?
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Which capacity is defined as the sum of inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and tidal volume?
Which capacity is defined as the sum of inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and tidal volume?
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What is the term for the amount of air left in the lungs after a forced exhalation?
What is the term for the amount of air left in the lungs after a forced exhalation?
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Which pressure is always negative and becomes more negative during inhalation?
Which pressure is always negative and becomes more negative during inhalation?
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What does the cricoid cartilage articulate with?
What does the cricoid cartilage articulate with?
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What is the predominant ratio of inspiration to expiration during normal speech?
What is the predominant ratio of inspiration to expiration during normal speech?
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What structure prevents food and water from entering the airway?
What structure prevents food and water from entering the airway?
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Which volume refers specifically to the amount of air used when using the diaphragm?
Which volume refers specifically to the amount of air used when using the diaphragm?
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What is the primary function of expiratory checking?
What is the primary function of expiratory checking?
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Which structure attaches to the hyoid bone and is crucial for tongue movement?
Which structure attaches to the hyoid bone and is crucial for tongue movement?
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During maximum expiration, lungs exert which kind of pressure?
During maximum expiration, lungs exert which kind of pressure?
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What is the primary muscle responsible for inspiration?
What is the primary muscle responsible for inspiration?
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Which structure provides a friction-free surface for lung movement?
Which structure provides a friction-free surface for lung movement?
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What is the role of surfactant in the lungs?
What is the role of surfactant in the lungs?
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How does deoxygenated blood return to the heart from the lungs?
How does deoxygenated blood return to the heart from the lungs?
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What effect does the contraction of the diaphragm have during inhalation?
What effect does the contraction of the diaphragm have during inhalation?
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Which accessory muscle elevates the sternum and aids in inhalation?
Which accessory muscle elevates the sternum and aids in inhalation?
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During forced expiration, which muscle primarily depresses the ribs?
During forced expiration, which muscle primarily depresses the ribs?
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What main function is associated with the pleurae surrounding the lungs?
What main function is associated with the pleurae surrounding the lungs?
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What is the role of the phrenic nerve in respiration?
What is the role of the phrenic nerve in respiration?
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What happens during passive expiration at rest?
What happens during passive expiration at rest?
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Which condition is characterized by the destruction of alveoli?
Which condition is characterized by the destruction of alveoli?
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What is the main physiological process that occurs in the alveoli?
What is the main physiological process that occurs in the alveoli?
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Which muscle assists in increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity during inhalation?
Which muscle assists in increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity during inhalation?
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Which cartilage is primarily responsible for closing off the respiratory system during swallowing?
Which cartilage is primarily responsible for closing off the respiratory system during swallowing?
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Which of the following muscles is primarily involved in controlling pitch of the voice?
Which of the following muscles is primarily involved in controlling pitch of the voice?
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What is the primary effect of the Bernoulli effect on vocal fold vibration?
What is the primary effect of the Bernoulli effect on vocal fold vibration?
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Which of these structures is not part of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles?
Which of these structures is not part of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles?
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Which region of the vocal tract is responsible for vowel sound filtering?
Which region of the vocal tract is responsible for vowel sound filtering?
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What action is caused by the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle?
What action is caused by the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle?
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Which structure separates the left and right nostrils?
Which structure separates the left and right nostrils?
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What is the lowest frequency of vocal fold vibration in the glottal fry register?
What is the lowest frequency of vocal fold vibration in the glottal fry register?
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Which of the following ligaments is involved in connecting the hyoid bone to the thyroid cartilage?
Which of the following ligaments is involved in connecting the hyoid bone to the thyroid cartilage?
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What type of sound is described as having a repeating combination of multiple pure tones?
What type of sound is described as having a repeating combination of multiple pure tones?
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What term describes the region known as the supraglottic space of the larynx?
What term describes the region known as the supraglottic space of the larynx?
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Which of the following does not directly contribute to the mechanism of phonation?
Which of the following does not directly contribute to the mechanism of phonation?
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Which cranial nerve is most extensive and is involved in laryngeal control?
Which cranial nerve is most extensive and is involved in laryngeal control?
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Study Notes
Respiratory System
- Provides oxygen to every cell and removes carbon dioxide
- A respiratory cycle involves inhalation and exhalation
- Exhalation is vital for speech production and energy
Support for Respiration
- Vertebral column provides support and protection
- 7 Cervical vertebrae
- 12 Thoracic vertebrae
- 5 Lumbar vertebrae
- 5 Sacral vertebrae (fused)
- 4 Coccygeal vertebrae (fused)
- Foramen magnum: opening in the skull for the brainstem to connect to the spinal cord
- Atlas (C1): supports the skull
- Axis (C2): allows head rotation, articulates with C1
Cervical Vertebrae (C7)
- Singular spinous process, continuing to lumbar.
- Body/corpus
- Transverse foramen
- Vertebral foramen
- Transverse process
- Lamina
- Superior articular facet
- Inferior articular facet
Thoracic Vertebrae
- Spinous process
- Transverse process
- Superior articular facet
- Inferior articular facet
- Inferior costal facet
- Superior costal facet
- Transverse costal facet
- Pedicle
- Corpus
Lumbar Vertebrae
- Corpus - largest body
- Lamina
- Superior and inferior articular facets
- Spinous process
- Transverse process
- Vertebral foramen
Sacrum
- First sacral foramen - opening for spinal nerves
- Fused
- Sit of fusion between sacral vertebrae
- Facet for coccyx
- Fused
Coccyx
- Directed downward and anteriorly
- No function
Spinal Cord
- Continuous from brainstem to L1/L2
- Part of the central nervous system (CNS)
- Passes through the vertebral foramina
- Spinal nerves emerge from intervertebral foramina
- Higher damage to the cord is more significant
- Ends at the conus medullaris
- Nerves below the conus medullaris form the cauda equina
Spinal Nerves
- Part of the peripheral nervous system
- Send signals to the rest of the body
- Cervical (C1-8)
- Thoracic (T1-12)
- Lumbar (L1-5)
- Sacral (S1-5)
- Coccygeal (Co1-4)
- Spinal nerves above the corresponding vertebrae
- Spinal nerves below are below the corresponding vertebrae
Rib Cage
- All 12 ribs connect to the thoracic vertebrae
- Lungs are attached via pleural linkage
- 7 true ribs connect directly to the sternum
- 3 false ribs connect indirectly to the sternum via rib 7
- 2 floating ribs only attach to the vertebral column
Sternum
- Anterior attachment for the ribs
- Three main sections: manubrium, body, xiphoid process
- Suprasternal notch - notch in the middle of the top of the manubrium
- Clavicular notch - connects to the clavicle
- Facet for articulation with costal cartilage from rib
- Manubro-sternal angle
Parts of a rib
- Chondral - cartilaginous portion near the sternal attachment
- The rest of the rib is bone
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