4.4 Community Ecology
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What is the term used to describe the number of species and their relative abundance in a given habitat?

  • Habitat assessment
  • Population dynamics
  • Community ecology
  • Species diversity (correct)

    • Which of the following best describes the predator-prey relationship?

  • Individuals of one population coexist peacefully with individuals of another population
  • Individuals of one population interact symbiotically with individuals of another population
  • Individuals of one population compete with individuals of another population for resources
  • Individuals of one population consume individuals of another population (correct)

    • What is the approximate period of the cycling of predator and prey population sizes in the lynx-snowshoe hare example?

  • 20 years
  • 15 years
  • 10 years (correct)
  • 5 years

    • What is the lag time between the predator and prey population cycles in the lynx-snowshoe hare example?

    <p>The predator population lags behind the prey population by 1-2 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following habitats is described as having low species diversity?

    <p>Glaciers of Antarctica</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the cycling of snowshoe hare and lynx populations?

    <p>Predator-prey dynamics, where the increase in hare numbers leads to an increase in lynx numbers, followed by a decline in hares and then lynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of defense mechanism is used by the honey locust tree against herbivores?

    <p>Mechanical defense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the toxins produced by the foxglove plant?

    <p>To deter herbivores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary defense mechanism used by the tropical walking stick insect to avoid detection by predators?

    <p>Camouflage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the bright yellow and black coloration of the monarch butterfly caterpillar?

    <p>Deterring predators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the secondary plant compounds produced by the foxglove plant?

    <p>To discourage consumption by animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the chameleon's ability to change color?

    <p>Camouflage to avoid detection by predators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary evolutionary driver behind the adaptations that allow prey species to escape predation?

    <p>Natural selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the predator-prey dynamics and the reciprocal evolutionary responses?

    <p>The predator-prey dynamics lead to the reciprocal evolutionary responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of species is considered the 'base' or 'bedrock' of a community?

    <p>Foundation species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of foundation species?

    <p>They modify the environment to benefit other organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism is mentioned as a foundation species in the text?

    <p>Kelp</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a keystone species from other species in an ecosystem?

    <p>Their presence has inordinate influence on the ecosystem's structure and biodiversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to mussel populations when the keystone species Pisaster ochraceus is removed from a community?

    <p>They increase significantly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Asian carp threaten native species according to the text?

    <p>By outcompeting native species for food resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'The coral reef provides structure by physically modifying the environment' - this statement refers to which type of species?

    <p>Foundation species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Asian carp may outcompete native species for food' - What ecological concept does this exemplify?

    <p>'Survival of the Fittest'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Coral is the foundation species of coral reef ecosystems' - Why is this important for other organisms in the ecosystem?

    <p>'To provide a habitat and protection'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'The European starling is categorized as an invasive species' - What impact can this have on local ecosystems?

    <p>'Negative effects on native bird populations'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the bright coloration on the bellies of fire-bellied toads?

    <p>To warn potential predators that they are toxic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key requirement for warning coloration to be effective?

    <p>The predator must be able to learn from negative experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way that a harmless species can avoid being eaten by predators?

    <p>By mimicking the coloration of a harmful species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of multiple species sharing the same warning coloration?

    <p>To improve the compliance of potential predators in avoiding the species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the competitive exclusion principle, what will happen if two species are competing for the same resources in a habitat?

    <p>The species that is better adapted to the habitat will drive the other to extinction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key reason why the competitive exclusion principle works?

    <p>Natural selection favors traits that reduce reliance on shared resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happened when the two protozoan species, Paramecium aurelia and Paramecium caudatum, were placed together in the same test tube?

    <p>P. aurelia outcompeted P. caudatum for food, leading to the latter's extinction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the bright coloration on the wings of monarch butterflies?

    <p>To warn potential predators that they are toxic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between the fire-bellied toad and the harmless hoverfly in terms of their coloration?

    <p>The toad's coloration is natural, while the hoverfly's coloration is a form of mimicry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key advantage that multiple unpleasant-tasting Heliconius butterfly species gain by sharing a similar color pattern?

    <p>It improves the compliance of potential predators in avoiding the species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of relationship is exhibited when one species benefits while the other is neither harmed nor benefited?

    <p>Commensalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the relationship between termites and protists, which organism benefits from the ability to digest cellulose?

    <p>Termites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the protists and the symbiotic bacteria in the termite gut?

    <p>Mutualism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the relationship between a fungus and photosynthetic algae or cyanobacteria in lichens, which organism produces glucose?

    <p>Algae or cyanobacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of growth pattern is exhibited by P. aurelia and P. caudatum when grown together?

    <p>Logistic growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the population of P. caudatum when grown together with P. aurelia?

    <p>It hardly grows at all, and eventually its population drops to zero</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of relationship is exhibited when one species benefits while the other is harmed?

    <p>Parasitism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the relationship between a bird and a tree, which organism benefits from the nesting?

    <p>The bird</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of relationship is exhibited between the termite and the protists in its gut?

    <p>Mutualism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the relationship between a fungus and photosynthetic algae/cyanobacteria in lichens, which organism provides a physical structure that protects the algae/cyanobacteria?

    <p>Fungus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a parasite?

    <p>An organism that feeds off another without killing it immediately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does parasitism differ from predation?

    <p>Parasitism involves the parasite benefiting, whereas predation involves immediate death of the prey</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do parasites usually slow down the process of killing their hosts?

    <p>To allow time for their offspring to find new hosts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a tapeworm benefit from its host?

    <p>By residing in the host's intestine and siphoning food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is species richness?

    <p>The number of different species in a particular area and their relative abundance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is species richness highest according to the text?

    <p>Near the equator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor besides latitude influences species richness?

    <p>Island size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do foundation species often have high relative abundance?

    <p>Foundation species provide shelter and food for many other species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Species richness varies with island size and distance from the mainland.' This statement supports which ecological principle?

    <p>Island Biogeography Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does biodiversity measure?

    <p>The number of different species in an area and their abundance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of succession occurs following the retreat of a glacier?

    <p>Primary succession</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between primary and secondary succession?

    <p>Primary succession starts from bare rock, while secondary succession occurs on existing soil.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do pioneer species play in primary succession?

    <p>They establish the foundation for soil formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main outcome of secondary succession?

    <p>Rapid recolonization of plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what type of environment do intermediate species emerge?

    <p>After a wildfire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor initiates the growth of shrubs and small trees in secondary succession?

    <p>Growth of grasses and forbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

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