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Questions and Answers

What is a List in Python?

A List is a collection of items that is ordered and mutable.

A List in Python is a heterogeneous data structure, meaning it can contain items of different data types.

True (A)

A List in Python is immutable, meaning its contents cannot be changed once it is created.

False (B)

How do you access elements within a List in Python?

<p>Elements in a List can be accessed by their index, starting from 0 for the first element.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following operations are available for Python Lists? (Select all that apply)

<p>Slicing (A), Membership (B), Concatenation (C), Repetition (D), Comparison (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Tuple in Python?

<p>A Tuple is a collection of items that is ordered and immutable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A Tuple in Python can have only one element.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The elements in a Tuple can be of any data type, including lists, dictionaries, and other tuples.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are elements accessed within a Tuple in Python?

<p>Elements in a Tuple can be accessed by their index, starting from 0 for the first element.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tuples offer more flexibility than Lists due to their mutability, making them ideal for scenarios where contents need to be frequently modified.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes a Tuple immutable?

<p>Once a Tuple is created, its elements cannot be changed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Set in Python?

<p>A Set is an unordered collection of unique elements that is mutable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Elements within a Set must be hashable.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are examples of hashable objects in Python? (Select all that apply)

<p>Strings (A), Tuples (E), Integers (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some common operations used with Sets in Python?

<p>Common Set operations include union, intersection, difference, symmetric difference, add, remove, discard, pop, and update.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sets are commonly used to remove duplicate elements from a sequence of data and identify unique values.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a String in Python?

<p>A String in Python is a sequence of characters enclosed in quotation marks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Strings are mutable objects, which means their characters can be changed after they've been created.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Characters within a String can be accessed using their index.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some common operations used with Strings in Python?

<p>Common operations used with Strings include indexing, slicing, concatenation, repetition, membership testing, and methods for modifying the string's case or removing leading/trailing spaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Strings are often used to store and manage textual data, making them crucial for any type of text-based processing.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the concept of functions in Python.

<p>Functions are blocks of code that perform specific tasks, and they can be reused throughout a program.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Functions are always required to return a value.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of functions in Python?

<p>User-defined Functions (B), Built-in Functions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are parameters in a function?

<p>Parameters are variables specified in a function's definition that receive values from the arguments passed during a function call.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are arguments in a function call?

<p>Arguments are the actual values that you pass into a function when calling it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The number of arguments passed during a function call must always match the number of parameters in the function definition.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are valid ways to pass arguments to a function in Python? (Select all that apply)

<p>Keyword arguments (A), Positional arguments (B), Variable arguments (C), Default arguments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When using both positional and keyword arguments in a function call, keyword arguments must be placed before positional arguments.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'global' keyword in Python?

<p>The 'global' keyword allows you to modify a global variable inside a function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the difference between local and global variables in Python.

<p>Local variables are defined within a function, while global variables are defined outside functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Global variables can only be accessed from inside functions, not outside.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of an activation record in Python.

<p>An activation record is created whenever a function is called. It stores information about the function call, such as arguments, local variables, and the return address.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Activation records are always persistent and remain in memory for the entire duration of the program.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using 'return' in a function?

<p>The 'return' statement is used to send back a value from a function back to the caller.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Functions are always required to return a value.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Python supports function overloading, which allows you to define multiple functions with the same name but different parameters.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the *arg notation in function parameters?

<p>The *arg notation allows a function to accept any number of positional arguments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the **kwarg notation in function parameters?

<p>The **kwarg notation allows a function to accept any number of keyword arguments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When working with functions in Python, it is not necessary to define a function before you call it.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean to 'call' a function in Python?

<p>Calling a function means executing the code within that function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a file in Python?

<p>A file is like a container for storing information on your computer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are common operations performed on files in Python? (Select all that apply)

<p>Read (A), Write (B), Open (C), Create (D), Close (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'open()' function in Python?

<p>The 'open()' function allows you to create or open an existing file.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When opening a file for reading, the 'open()' function automatically creates the file if it does not exist.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'read()' function in Python?

<p>The 'read()' function allows you to read the contents of a file.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'write()' function in Python?

<p>The 'write()' function allows you to write data to a file.</p> Signup and view all the answers

It is always necessary to close a file after reading it.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'close()' function in Python?

<p>The 'close()' function releases the resources allocated to a file that was previously opened.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Files are always processed in a specific order: open, read, write, close.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Python allows you to read and write data to files simultaneously.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Python for Computational Problem Solving - Summary of Slides

  • The presentation covers various Python data structures like lists, tuples, dictionaries, and sets, along with string manipulation and file handling.
  • It also delves into functions, including their definition, call, and different types, along with variable numbers of arguments.

List

  • A list is an ordered collection of items.
  • List items are elements/items.
  • Lists are mutable (changeable).
  • Elements can be of different data types (heterogeneous) or the same data type (homogeneous).
  • List elements can be accessed by index (starting from 0).
  • Lists support various operations: creation, accessing elements, adding elements (append, insert, extend), removing elements (pop, remove), counting occurrences (count), and slicing to create sublists.
  • Lists are iterable.
  • Assignment of one list to another causes both to refer to the same list.
  • A list can be sliced, creating a new (sub)list.

Tuple

  • A tuple is an ordered, immutable collection of items.
  • Tuples are created using parentheses.
  • Tuples are immutable (cannot be changed after creation).
  • Tuple elements can be accessed by index (starting from 0).
  • Tuples support concatenation (+) and repetition (*).
  • Tuples are iterable and can be nested.
  • Assignment of one tuple to another causes both to refer to the same tuple.

Dictionary

  • A dictionary stores data as key-value pairs.
  • The key values are unique and immutable.
  • The value associated with the key can be any valid Python data type.
  • Dictionaries are mutable.
  • Dictionaries are unordered collections of key-value pairs.
  • Support functions (get, items, keys, pop, popitem, setdefault, update, values).
    • The get() function returns the value corresponding to a given key, if the key exists. Otherwise, it returns None.
    • items() function returns a view object of the dictionary's items (key-value pairs).
    • keys() function returns a view object of the dictionary's keys.
    • pop() function removes and returns the value associated with a given key, if the key exists in the dictionary.
    • popitem() function removes and returns an arbitrary key-value pair as a 2-tuple.
    • setdefault() function returns the value associated with a given key. If the key does not exist, it inserts the key with a default value and returns that default value.
    • update() function updates the dictionary by adding or modifying key-value pairs.
    • values() function returns a view object of the dictionary's values.

Set

  • A set is an unordered collection of unique elements.
  • Sets are mutable and unordered.
  • Sets can store elements of any hashable data type(int, float, string, tuple, etc).
  • Sets support the union, intersection, and difference operations for comparing sets.
    • These operations create new sets containing elements of the two sets that meet the specified criteria (union, intersection, and difference).
  • Hashable Elements include: int, float, complex, string, tuple, range, frozenset, bytes, decimal.
  • Non-hashable Elements include: list, dict, set, bytearray.

String

  • A string is a sequence of characters.
  • Strings are immutable.
  • String operations can return new strings rather than modify the original string (add, delete, or replace characters).
  • Support functions: len(), index(), count(), min(), max()
    • The len() function returns the number of characters in a string.
    • The index() function returns the index of the first occurrence of a specified character or substring in the string.
    • The count() function returns the number of times a specified character or substring appears in the string.
    • The min() function returns the smallest character in the string (using Unicode encoding).
    • The max() function returns the largest character in the string (using Unicode encoding).

Files

  • Files are used to persist data that needs to be saved even after the program is closed.
  • The open() function is used to open a file, and file operations like reading, writing, and closing files are performed using the file object to which the open() function returns.

Function

  • Functions are self-contained blocks of code that perform a specific task.
  • Functions can take input (arguments) and return output.
  • Functions make code more organized and reusable.
  • Functions can be predefined (built-in) or user-defined.
    • Predefined Functions are part of the Python standard library (print(), len(), input(), etc.)
    • User Defined function are written by the programmer

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