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Questions and Answers

What characterizes the response of the innate immunity system?

Develops memory after exposure

Requires prior sensitization

Specific for pathogens

Immediate and non-specific (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a type of cellular pattern recognition receptor?

Neutrophils

Mast cells

Lysosomal enzymes (correct)

Basophils

Which pattern recognition receptors are known to recognize pathogens?

Eicosanoids and defensins

Mast cells and macrophages (correct)

Complement and kinins

Cytokines and chemokines

What is the primary function of eicosanoids in innate immunity?

Inflammatory response modulation Signup and view all the answers

What type of response is characterized by delayed action and antigen specificity?

Adaptive Immunity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cells is NOT part of the innate immune response?

B cells Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is true?

PRRs initiate the innate immune response. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of receptors in adaptive immunity?

Gene segments rearrange for diversity Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)?

It recognizes specific bacterial lipopolysaccharides. Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the patterns recognized by the innate immune system?

Microbe-associated molecular patterns Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is responsible for releasing reactive oxygen species as part of the innate immune response?

Macrophages Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT describe the characteristics of innate immunity?

It relies on adaptive immune processes. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes adaptive immunity from innate immunity in terms of memory?

Adaptive immunity can recall past infections. Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical time frame for the adaptive immune response to develop after the innate immune response?

2-6 days Signup and view all the answers

Which component of innate immunity is associated with inflammation and defense against pathogens?

Cytokines Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately contrasts innate and adaptive immunity?

Innate immunity does not develop memory while adaptive immunity does. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of central (primary) lymphoid organs?

Production of vertebrate immune cells Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells do hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) differentiate into?

Hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of peripheral (secondary) lymphoid organs?

Maintenance of naive lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs)?

They are characterized by the CD34 surface marker. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the thymus in the immune system?

Origin of T lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)?

It is involved in the initiation of adaptive immune response. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Immune System Overview

Central (primary) lymphoid organs produce immune cells: bone marrow (produces all types) and thymus (origin of T lymphocytes).
Peripheral (secondary) lymphoid organs maintain naive lymphocytes and initiate adaptive immune responses: lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosal lymphoid tissues.

Bone Marrow and Thymus Function

Bone marrow contains hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that self-renew and differentiate into hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs).
HPCs express CD34 and proliferate but do not self-renew, forming various colony types.

Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity

Innate immunity is non-specific, acts immediately, is short-lived, and lacks memory.
Adaptive immunity is antigen-specific, delayed (2-6 days post-initial response), long-lived, and establishes memory.

Key Immune Components

Innate immune receptors are germ-line encoded, while adaptive immune receptors result from gene segment rearrangements.
Innate immunity relies on pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that identify pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs).

Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)

PRRs include both cellular (e.g., mast cells, neutrophils, macrophages) and soluble elements (e.g., complement proteins, cytokines).
Activation triggers immediate, non-specific immune responses without memory retention.

TLR4 and Signaling

Toll-like receptors (TLRs), particularly TLR4, are significant in recognizing microbial components.
TLRs activate signal transduction pathways involved in innate immune responses.

Case Study: Angel the Dog

Patient is a 7-month-old spayed female Old English Sheepdog with a chronic cough and regurgitation issues.
Symptoms include coughing, frothing, vomiting, and dehydration; previous antibiotic treatments have been ineffective.
Current medications include Clavamox and Pepcid; patient is up-to-date on vaccinations but not on heartworm prevention.