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Questions and Answers

What percentage of total dwelling units were unoccupied in 1970?

  • 2.0%
  • 1.0%
  • 1.5% (correct)
  • 2.5%

What classification accounted for the majority of occupied dwelling units in 1980?

  • Condos
  • Duplexes
  • Single houses (correct)
  • Multi-family homes

During which period was the program of social justice related to housing policy initiated?

  • Pre-World War II period
  • Commonwealth period (correct)
  • Colonial period
  • Post-War period

Which of the following was designed specifically for demonstration purposes?

<p>Model Barrio home (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main purpose of Commonwealth Act No. 620?

<p>To authorize the government to acquire land (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the occupancy rate in 1960?

<p>97% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major concern was associated with slums during the 1930s?

<p>Source of crime and diseases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of slum families in the 1930s could not afford suitable housing?

<p>60% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant characteristic of the Lean-to shelter used by pre-colonial ancestors?

<p>Supported by tree branches (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of housing is specifically known for being carried from one town to another?

<p>Nipa-hut (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Chalet, introduced during the American colonial period, improved which housing aspect?

<p>Sanitary values (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic differentiates a condominium from an apartment?

<p>Presence of communal space and services (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What construction material is commonly used in modern apartments and townhouses?

<p>Glass and steel (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Spanish colonial period, which construction feature was commonly found in Stone Houses?

<p>Sliding Capiz-shell windows (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the Bungalow in a Philippine context?

<p>Low-rise structure with garden space (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary concern regarding housing programs in the Philippines?

<p>Lack of unified approach to housing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT contribute to Juan's homelessness?

<p>Economic Boom (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a push factor in the context of migration?

<p>Natural disasters forcing people to leave (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential disadvantage for a host country receiving migrants?

<p>Overcrowding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of absolute poverty?

<p>Lacking sufficient food, clothing, and shelter (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of rural to urban migration?

<p>Increased demand for housing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these factors is NOT typically associated with population growth?

<p>Increased education for women (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common obstacle faced by migrants?

<p>Language barriers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the movement of people INTO a country?

<p>Immigration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of the National Housing Commission?

<p>To undertake programs in urban housing and slum clearance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Republic Act 3802 mandate regarding rented housing units?

<p>Tenants must purchase the units at cost within 10 years (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Act revived the construction of multi-storey tenement houses for low-income families?

<p>Tenement Law or Republic Act 3469 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the secondary functions of the National Housing Corporation?

<p>Manufacturing pre-fabricated dwelling units (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main causes of poverty in the Philippines?

<p>Failure to fully develop the agriculture sector (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the National Special Housing Act introduce?

<p>A balanced residential-industrial development program (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which area did urban redevelopment occur in the 1970s?

<p>Tondo Foreshore and Dagat-Dagatan (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which period is known for significant changes in agriculture and manufacturing?

<p>The Industrial Revolution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Government Service Insurance System (GSIS) in relation to housing projects?

<p>They extend inter-agency project loans to finance housing projects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What consequence does relative poverty have on social issues such as homelessness?

<p>Increases the risk of homelessness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did squatting or Iskwater become prevalent in Filipino society?

<p>People built makeshift houses on abandoned properties (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which project is listed as Project 1?

<p>Roxas District (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes to the persistence of homelessness?

<p>Insecure employment with fewer benefits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of high inflation during crisis periods in the Philippines?

<p>Escalation of poverty rates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following areas had a major squatter population during the 1980s?

<p>Metro Manila (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What program did the government implement to address the squatter issue in Metro Manila?

<p>National Housing Authority report (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a squatter?

<p>A person who settles on public land without title (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a slum settlement?

<p>Physically and socially deteriorated living conditions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'internal reasons' for squatting?

<p>Economic factors like lack of savings (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the 'organic process' of squatting be best described?

<p>Spontaneous development driven by internal settlement pressures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one major external reason contributing to squatting?

<p>High cost of land and housing services (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a squatter settlement from a slum settlement?

<p>Squatter settlements lack legal claim to the land (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the term 'bad housing'?

<p>Housing lacking sufficient light and sanitation facilities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the 'slum lord' play in the context of squatting?

<p>They initially settle and manage squatter populations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Pre-Colonial Filipino Housing

Early Filipino homes, including caves, lean-tos, and nipa huts, were made from readily available natural materials like twigs, leaves, and bamboo. These homes were often temporary and moved as needed.

Lean-to hut

A simple pre-colonial shelter made of branches, twigs, and leaves, primarily for sun protection.

Nipa hut (Bahay Kubo)

A pre-colonial and colonial-era Filipino house built from nipa palm and bamboo, characterized by a thatched roof and often built on stilts.

Bahay na Bato

A Spanish colonial-era house featuring a stone or brick foundation with a wooden upper story, tiled roof, and Capiz shell windows.

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Chalet(Tsalet)

An American colonial-era house combining tropical elements with hygienic features like toilets.

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Bungalow

A low-rise American colonial-era house with a pitched roof, often with cemented walls and metal roofing, and sometimes including a yard and parking.

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Apartment/Townhouse

A modern multi-unit dwelling structure built with modern materials. May or may not include commercial spaces.

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Condominium

A more ‘classy’ multi-unit dwelling structure, usually a high-rise building featuring communal space and services.

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Dwelling Unit Occupancy Rate (1960-1980)

The percentage of housing units that were occupied during these decades.

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Single Houses (1960-1980)

The most common type of dwelling unit, representing a high percentage of occupied homes during these decades.

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Sanitary Barrios

Relocation areas for families displaced from congested areas, aiming to improve living conditions.

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Model Barrio Homes

Demonstration houses intended to showcase improved housing standards, but not widely provided by the government.

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Barrios Obreros

Housing projects that built upon the Sanitary Barrio concept, with features like renting out units.

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Pre-1930s Housing Conditions

Majority of slum families lacked affordable and suitable homes, with widespread poverty and unsanitary conditions.

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Commonwealth Period Housing Policy (1930s-1940s)

This period saw efforts to address the housing needs of laborers, with projects like tenement housing and land acquisition programs.

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PHHC (People's Homesite and Housing Corporation)

A government agency established to develop housing projects for middle-class Filipinos.

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People's Homesite Corporation (PHHC)

A government corporation established to provide low-income housing and address slum issues. It aimed to build public housing, clear slums, house the destitute, and manage land ownership.

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National Housing Commission

A government agency responsible for housing programs, particularly urban housing development, subdivision planning, and slum clearance.

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Republic Act 3469

A law that revived multi-storey tenement housing construction to provide rental options for low-income families.

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Republic Act 3802

A law requiring PHHC to sell its rented housing units to tenants at cost, payable over 10 years with a 6% interest rate.

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National Housing Corporation

A government corporation specializing in building pre-fabricated housing units for low- and middle-income groups.

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Republic Act 6026 (National Special Housing Act)

A law introducing a new approach to resettlement by combining residential and industrial development.

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Project 1 - Barangay Roxas

The first major housing project developed, named after Barangay Roxas (also known as Roxas District).

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Project 2 and 3 - Barangays Quirino

These projects encompassed multiple Barangays called Quirino, representing a larger-scale housing initiative.

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Migration

The movement of people from one place to another with the intention of settling temporarily or permanently. This can involve moving within a country or to a different country.

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Emigrate

To leave one's own country to live permanently in another country.

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Immigrate

To come to live permanently in a foreign country.

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Push Factors

Reasons why people leave a place, often due to negative circumstances. These might include poverty, lack of jobs, war, or natural disasters.

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Pull Factors

Reasons why people are attracted to a new place to live, often positive aspects. These might include opportunities for work, education, better living conditions, or family ties.

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Population Growth

An increase in the number of individuals in a population. This can happen due to factors like high birth rates, low infant mortality, and improved health care.

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Poverty

A state of lacking basic needs such as food, clothing, and shelter. It can be absolute (lacking basic necessities) or relative (comparing income to others in a society).

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Obstacles for Migrants

Challenges faced by migrants when settling in a new country. These can include unemployment, cultural differences, language barriers, and lack of opportunities.

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Relative Poverty

A state where an individual's living standard is significantly lower than the average standard of living in their society.

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Poverty and Homelessness

Poverty is a major factor contributing to homelessness, as individuals struggling to afford basic needs are highly vulnerable to losing their homes.

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What are some major causes of poverty in the Philippines?

Major causes of poverty in the Philippines include slow economic growth, limited job opportunities, underdeveloped agriculture, high inflation during crises, rapid population growth, inequality, and recurring economic and environmental shocks.

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Squatting (Iskwater)

Squatting is a common issue in Filipino society, particularly in urban areas, where individuals build makeshift homes on abandoned properties.

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Why does Homelessness persist?

Homelessness persists due to factors such as stagnant or declining incomes, job insecurity, and a lack of access to affordable housing.

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How did Squatting start in the Philippines?

Squatting started after World War II, as people built makeshift houses called Barong-Barong on abandoned properties.

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Government Efforts to Address Squatting

The government has attempted to relocate squatters to low-cost housing projects, such as in Tondo, Taguig, and Rodriguez.

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Squatters and Floods

The MMDA claims that squatters contribute to flooding, potentially due to the construction of makeshift housing in flood-prone areas.

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Squatter

A person who lives on land they don't own, rent, or have permission to use.

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Squatter Settlement

A residential area where people live without legal ownership of the land, often in poor conditions.

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Slum

An area with rundown houses, poverty, and unhealthy living conditions.

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Slum Lord

A person who owns or manages slum housing and often profits from exploiting tenants.

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Internal Reasons for Squatting

Factors within the individuals' situation, like lack of money or assets, preventing them from affording proper housing.

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External Reasons for Squatting

Factors outside the individual's control, like expensive housing, government inaction, or strict building regulations.

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Organic Process of Squatter Settlement

The growth of a squatter settlement due to forces within the community itself, like increasing population or need for shelter.

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Induced Process of Squatter Settlement

The growth of a squatter settlement influenced by outside forces like government policies or development projects.

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Study Notes

Housing Review - Preliminary Modules

  • Caves & Rock Shelters: Used by ancestors who moved from place to place seasonally. Nature provided shelters.
  • Lean-to: Pre-colonial temporary shelters, made of twigs and leaves supported by branches. Easily dismantled and portable.
  • Nipa Hut (Bahay Kubo): Pre-colonial to colonial period; primarily made of Nipa and bamboo, with thatch roofs. Constructed on stilts, easy to transport. Common in lowland areas of the Philippines, and still used in rural areas today.
  • Stone House (Bahay na Bato): Spanish colonial period; stone foundation or brick lower walls with wooden upper stories, tiled roofs, and sliding Capiz windows. Influenced by Spanish architecture. Middle-class and government officials often built these homes.
  • Chalet (Tsalet): American colonial period; emphasizes sanitary features, such as a pail conservancy system (cubeta). Introduced elements of both vernacular and modern materials. Often had garages for carriages.
  • Bungalow: American colonial period; low-rise structure with a pitched roof, cemented walls and often features yards, gardens, and parking. Common in urban areas. Popular type of home in the Philippines.
  • Apartment/Townhouse: Modern period; made of modern materials like glass, steel, and concrete. Low to mid-rise structures, sometimes with ground-floor commercial space. Common in urban areas, but also found in towns and rural areas.
  • Condominium: Contemporary period; more modern than apartments; mid to high-rise structures, often called "classy".

History of Filipino Housing

  • 1960-1980 Trends and Patterns: Only about 25% of total dwelling units in two regions, with Region 12 having the least. Roughly 1.5% of total dwelling units were unoccupied in 1970. Occupancy rates were close to 97% from 1960 to 1980.
  • Brief Historical Background: Relocation of families with nipa huts to sanitary barrios; model barrio homes, merely demonstration projects; early housing programs; commonwealth era programs.
  • Slums: Viewed as sources of crime, disease and potential rebellion.
  • Homesite Act and People's Homesite Corporation: Government efforts to provide housing to laborers and low-income families.
  • National Housing Commission: Created to oversee housing development programs, including slum clearance.
  • Housing Programs and Projects: Mention of projects focused on relocation and resource allocation, including Tondo Foreshore, individual residential loans, urbanization projects and development.
  • 1970s - 1990s: Various development authorities, ministries and laws were introduced in efforts to address housing issues.

Housing Issues and Problems

  • Factors influencing homelessness: Migration; robust population growth; poverty; unemployment; industrialization; minimum wage.
  • Migration: Movement of people from one place to another.
  • Rural to Urban Migration: Movement from rural to urban areas.
  • Poverty: Multifaceted issues including social, economic and political aspects, leading to a lack of resources such as shelter, clothing, and food.
  • Housing Backlog/Housing Need: Insufficient housing options available for the population's needs.

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