Untitled Quiz

<p>Extreme metabolic alkalemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>7.20 or lower (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Buffers, respiratory center, and kidneys (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>7.40 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Altered consciousness and coma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To regulate the excretion of acids or bases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alkalotic conditions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By reclaiming HCO3- from glomerular filtrate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Buffering by phosphate in the tubular lumen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It involves sodium exchange with H+ in tubular cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>50–100 mmol/L (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It exchanges with H+ in tubular cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phosphate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acidemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Respiratory compensation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is related to ventilatory dysfunction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>20:1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They involve multiple pathologic processes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is nearly complete but takes a longer time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bicarbonate levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They may fail if the primary disorder worsens. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To assess lung function and acid/base balance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When there is suspected respiratory distress (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heart disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To uncover respiratory problems (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Various hemoglobin species (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stabilizing the patient’s ventilation status (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The number of wavelengths impacts the number of species measured. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To assess acid-base disorders (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>O2Hb (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>37°C (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Analyze samples promptly (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proper patient identification (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proficiency testing and QC (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severinghaus electrode (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Buildup of protein material on the membrane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To allow CO2 to diffuse into the electrolyte (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To derive HCO3- when pH and PCO2 are known (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microelectrodes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>With two buffer solutions traceable to NIST standards (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bicarbonate, dissolved CO2, and associated CO2 with proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They indicate calibration error through inconsistency in electronic signals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The normal pH range for blood is 7.35 to 7.45. Outside this range, chemical reactions and metabolism can be disrupted, leading to serious health issues.

The pH of a solution is measured using the formula pH = -log[H+], where [H+] represents the concentration of hydrogen ions.

Acidosis refers to a blood pH below the normal range (7.35). It can be caused by various factors and lead to health problems.

Alkalemia refers to a blood pH above the normal range (7.45). Extreme alkalemia can be very dangerous.

Buffer systems are a body's first line of defense against extreme changes in blood pH. They consist of a weak acid and its conjugate base.

This system is the main buffer in the body. It involves bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) and carbonic acid (H2CO3).

Despite having limited buffering capacity, this system is crucial for several reasons, including regulating CO2 levels and maintaining acid-base balance.

The body uses various mechanisms to regulate pH, including buffer systems, the respiratory system, and the kidneys. This ensures pH remains within the normal range.

The equation used to calculate pH, taking into account bicarbonate (HCO3-) and partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2).

An acid-base disorder caused by a problem with breathing (ventilation dysfunction).

An acid-base disorder caused by a problem with the kidneys or metabolism.

Severe acid-base disorders involving both respiratory and nonrespiratory problems.

The body's natural response to restore acid-base balance (pH) when an imbalance occurs.

The respiratory system (lungs) adjust to compensate for metabolic/renal acid-base imbalances.

The kidneys compensate for respiratory acid-base disorders.

Complete acid-base balance can only be achieved by addressing the underlying cause of the imbalance.

Systems that help to minimize changes in blood pH, maintaining a stable internal environment. These systems include the bicarbonate buffer system and the phosphate buffer system. They work together to regulate hydrogen ion concentration (H+).

Breathing affects the pH of blood by influencing the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood. CO2 combines with water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3), which can release hydrogen ions (H+). Increased ventilation removes more CO2, leading to a higher blood pH (more alkaline). Decreased ventilation leads to lower blood pH (more acidic).

The kidneys play a crucial role in maintaining blood pH by excreting excess acid or base. They accomplish this by reabsorbing bicarbonate (HCO3-) and excreting H+ (hydrogen ions).

The kidneys reabsorb bicarbonate (HCO3-) from the glomerular filtrate. This prevents excessive acid gain in the blood from bicarbonate loss in urine. The process involves the exchange of sodium (Na+) for hydrogen ions (H+) in the tubular cells.

The kidneys also excrete excess H+ in the form of phosphate. H+ combines with phosphate (HPO42-) in the tubular lumen, forming dihydrogen phosphate (H2PO4-). This buffer system helps to remove excess acid from the blood.

The body normally produces a net excess of acid (H+) each day, which the kidneys must excrete. This excess is in the range of 50-100 mmol/L.

Besides phosphate, the kidneys also use ammonium ions (NH4+) to buffer and excrete excess H+. Ammonium ions are produced in the tubular cells and released into the urine, carrying out H+ with them.

In cases of high blood pH (alkalosis), the kidneys compensate by excreting bicarbonate (HCO3-). This helps to lower blood pH and restore balance.

A calculated value that reflects the amount of acid or base needed to bring the blood pH back to normal, indicating acid-base disorder severity.

The critical steps taken during sample collection and transport that influence the accuracy and reliability of the blood gas analysis test results.

These include accurate patient identification, correct labeling, experienced personnel, proper specimen collection and handling, and minimizing transport time.

A continuous process that ensures the accuracy and reliability of blood gas analysis results, involving preanalytic, analytic, and post-analytic assessments.

This phase of quality assurance involves using QC materials (like surrogate liquid controls), tonometry, duplicate assays, and non-surrogate QC to verify the accuracy and precision of the analytical process itself.

A measuring electrode used to determine pH. It consists of a glass membrane sensitive to hydrogen ions (H+) surrounding an internal silver-silver chloride electrode.

A modified pH electrode used to measure pCO2 (partial pressure of carbon dioxide).

It has an outer semipermeable membrane that allows CO2 to diffuse into a bicarbonate buffer layer covering the glass pH electrode. The pH change in the buffer is proportional to the pCO2.

Large electrodes used in blood gas instruments for measuring blood gases.

Miniaturized versions of macroelectrodes, smaller in size.

Sensors made with tiny wires embedded in printed circuit cards, often disposable.

Sensors using fluorescent dyes for blood gas analysis. The sample diffuses into these dyes, causing a change in fluorescence.

The process of adjusting the instruments to ensure accurate measurements. pH and blood gas measurements are very sensitive to temperature, so the electrode sample chamber must be kept at a constant temperature. Two buffer solutions are used for pH calibration, and two gas mixtures are used for PCO2 and PO2 calibration.

A test that measures the levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH in the blood. It helps assess lung function and acid/base balance.

Blood gas measurements are ordered when there are concerns about lung function, acid/base balance, or when monitoring treatment for lung diseases.

Blood gas measurements are commonly ordered for conditions like asthma, COPD, kidney failure, heart failure, uncontrolled diabetes, severe infections, and drug overdose.

A method used to measure the percentage of hemoglobin in the blood that is bound to oxygen using a cooximeter.

A specialized device that measures different types of hemoglobin in the blood by analyzing light absorption.

Different forms of hemoglobin, such as oxyhemoglobin (O2Hb), deoxyhemoglobin (HHb), carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), and methemoglobin (MetHb).

Possible inaccuracies in the measurement of oxygen saturation can arise from faulty instrument calibration or the presence of substances that interfere with the analysis.

It is important to ensure the patient's breathing is stable before taking a blood sample to obtain accurate oxygen saturation measurements.