Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary hormone released by the adrenal cortex during the stress response?
What is the primary hormone released by the adrenal cortex during the stress response?
Which of the following effects is NOT associated with the sympathetic nervous system's response?
Which of the following effects is NOT associated with the sympathetic nervous system's response?
During the alarm stage of the general adaptation syndrome, what happens to cortisol levels?
During the alarm stage of the general adaptation syndrome, what happens to cortisol levels?
What physiological change occurs in the liver during the sympathetic nervous system's response?
What physiological change occurs in the liver during the sympathetic nervous system's response?
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In terms of blood vessels, which response is associated with the sympathetic nervous system during stress?
In terms of blood vessels, which response is associated with the sympathetic nervous system during stress?
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Which physiological effect is a result of increased mental agility during the sympathetic nervous system response?
Which physiological effect is a result of increased mental agility during the sympathetic nervous system response?
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What happens to urination levels during the sympathetic nervous system's activation?
What happens to urination levels during the sympathetic nervous system's activation?
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Which of the following is a component of the endocrine system's stress response?
Which of the following is a component of the endocrine system's stress response?
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What factor appeared to not influence allostatic load scores among different demographic groups?
What factor appeared to not influence allostatic load scores among different demographic groups?
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At what age did the gap in allostatic load scores between African American women and White individuals become notably pronounced?
At what age did the gap in allostatic load scores between African American women and White individuals become notably pronounced?
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What is the relationship suggested between adversity/stress and allostatic load?
What is the relationship suggested between adversity/stress and allostatic load?
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What significant factor affected African American women's allostatic load scores compared to White women?
What significant factor affected African American women's allostatic load scores compared to White women?
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What percentage of Black women had a high allostatic load score by age 64 according to the findings?
What percentage of Black women had a high allostatic load score by age 64 according to the findings?
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What does the term 'weathering' refer to in this context?
What does the term 'weathering' refer to in this context?
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In terms of allostatic load, how do White individuals' scores compare to those of African Americans as they age?
In terms of allostatic load, how do White individuals' scores compare to those of African Americans as they age?
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What is the definition of trauma as provided in the findings?
What is the definition of trauma as provided in the findings?
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Which statement best reflects the findings regarding allostatic load and financial status?
Which statement best reflects the findings regarding allostatic load and financial status?
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What role does Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) play in the immune system?
What role does Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) play in the immune system?
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Which cells primarily recognize MHC1 complexes?
Which cells primarily recognize MHC1 complexes?
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Which of the following statements about MHC2 is true?
Which of the following statements about MHC2 is true?
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What happens once a Helper T-cell is activated?
What happens once a Helper T-cell is activated?
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Which type of cell carries MHC2 complexes?
Which type of cell carries MHC2 complexes?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of Cytotoxic T cells in relation to MHC?
Which of the following is NOT a function of Cytotoxic T cells in relation to MHC?
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How does the MHC complex influence the type of immune response generated?
How does the MHC complex influence the type of immune response generated?
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Which cytokines are responsible for triggering fever and sickness behavior?
Which cytokines are responsible for triggering fever and sickness behavior?
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What is the primary function of cytokines IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha on the hypothalamus?
What is the primary function of cytokines IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha on the hypothalamus?
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What effect do IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha have on bone marrow?
What effect do IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha have on bone marrow?
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Which process is described by the term leukocytosis?
Which process is described by the term leukocytosis?
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How do IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha influence fat and muscle tissue?
How do IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha influence fat and muscle tissue?
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What is the role of dendritic cells in response to IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha?
What is the role of dendritic cells in response to IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha?
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Which acute phase response proteins are increased by the action of these cytokines on the liver?
Which acute phase response proteins are increased by the action of these cytokines on the liver?
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What is the primary purpose of the sickness behavior induced by these cytokines?
What is the primary purpose of the sickness behavior induced by these cytokines?
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What common effect do IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha have on metabolism?
What common effect do IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha have on metabolism?
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Which receptor type do cytokines like IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha bind to after reaching critical bloodstream concentrations?
Which receptor type do cytokines like IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha bind to after reaching critical bloodstream concentrations?
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What is the primary role of adrenaline, cortisol, and NE in response to stress or trauma?
What is the primary role of adrenaline, cortisol, and NE in response to stress or trauma?
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How does prolonged exposure to stress and trauma affect DNA expression over generations?
How does prolonged exposure to stress and trauma affect DNA expression over generations?
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What misconception is primarily associated with the perceptions of black bodies in dangerous situations?
What misconception is primarily associated with the perceptions of black bodies in dangerous situations?
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What is the implied consequence for white individuals who oppose established social structures?
What is the implied consequence for white individuals who oppose established social structures?
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Which aspect of the vagus nerve is crucial for interpreting environmental stimuli?
Which aspect of the vagus nerve is crucial for interpreting environmental stimuli?
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What does the text suggest about the possibility of trauma-inducing environments disappearing?
What does the text suggest about the possibility of trauma-inducing environments disappearing?
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What is encouraged as a method for addressing ongoing traumas within communities?
What is encouraged as a method for addressing ongoing traumas within communities?
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What does the 'Nap Ministry' advocacy emphasize for black bodies?
What does the 'Nap Ministry' advocacy emphasize for black bodies?
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How can trauma manifest in cultures according to the content?
How can trauma manifest in cultures according to the content?
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What part of the brain is activated during stressful police interactions with black bodies?
What part of the brain is activated during stressful police interactions with black bodies?
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Study Notes
Human Stress Response
- Humans must adapt biologically to their environment for survival.
- Healthy stressors include demanding mental and physical activities (e.g., exercise, learning).
- Stress is a state of tension that can disrupt homeostasis.
- Purpose of stress is to trigger adaptation, leading to enhanced well-being.
Selye's Observations on Chronic Stress
- Enlargement of the Adrenal Cortex: Cortisol release triggers cellular changes (hypertrophy and hyperplasia).
- Shrinking of Lymphatic Organs: Chronic stress can impair immune function.
- Stomach and Duodenal Ulcers: Reduced blood flow to the gastrointestinal tract during stress.
Human Stress Response Steps
- A stressor (real or perceived) is recognized by the "thinking brain."
- The "feeling and reacting brain" is activated, triggering the sympathetic nervous system and the release of cortisol.
- Physical manifestations of stress response include increased blood pressure, heart rate, pupil dilation, and respiratory rate.
Brain Structures in Stress Response
- Prefrontal cortex: Involved in judgment, insight, motivation, mood, and emotional reactions. It recognizes stressors and initiates/terminates the stress response.
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
- Alarm Stage: Initial reaction, resistance drops, cortisol increases.
- Resistance Stage: Body adapts, resistance rises, cortisol levels decrease.
- Exhaustion Stage: Prolonged stress, resistance drops, cortisol increases.
Black Americans and Health Issues
- Approximately 200 Black Americans die prematurely each day due to racism and systemic issues.
- Dr. David Williams's research correlates daily discrimination with poorer health outcomes and lower life expectancy.
- This is exemplified by a higher allostatic load or chronic stress response in African Americans compared to Whites.
Allostatic Load
- Allostasis is how the body adapts to chronic stress. This is different from homeostasis, which aims to maintain a constant state.
- Allostatic load measures the physiological burden imposed by stress.
- Measured via biomarkers (e.g., elevated blood pressure, cholesterol levels).
Trauma and Trauma Disorders
- Trauma occurs from events overwhelming one's ability to cope emotionally.
- PTSD and Acute Stress Disorder represent prolonged or severe trauma responses, lasting at least one month and possibly weeks, respectively.
- Trauma symptoms can disrupt daily activities, lead to anxiety and flashbacks, potentially requiring therapy and prolonged treatment.
Immune System I
- Immune cells originate from the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell in the red bone marrow.
- Myeloid progenitors create numerous cell types (e.g., erythrocytes, platelets, granulocytes).
- Macrophages are phagocytic cells, crucial for inflammatory responses.
- Dendritic cells present antigens to activate T lymphocytes.
- Monocytes are circulating precursor cells that mature into macrophages.
Immune System II
- MHC molecules are important for self-recognition and antigen presentation, enabling immune responses against foreign invaders.
- MHC class I is present on all nucleated cells and presents normal/abnormal self-antigens.
- MHC class II is found on immune cells (e.g., antigen-presenting cells) to present foreign antigens.
- Activated T and B cells target specific pathogens through clonal expansion and selection.
- Plasma cells produce antibodies, which neutralize pathogens and activate complement system.
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