Untitled Quiz

Part of the nervous system that triggers the "fight or flight" response, releasing norepinephrine and epinephrine to various organs.

The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis; a hormonal pathway that responds to stress by releasing cortisol.

A stress hormone released by the adrenal cortex, part of the HPA axis.

Physiological response to a perceived threat, involving increased heart rate, blood flow to muscles and reduced non-essential functions.

Initial phase of the stress response; characterized by decreased resistance and increased cortisol levels.

The sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate to improve blood flow to muscles during stress response.

The process of producing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources in the liver, providing energy for the stress response.

The predictable three-stage response to stress: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

The cumulative wear and tear on the body from chronic stress.

A group with significantly higher allostatic load scores than White people, notably women.

A comparison group with lower allostatic load scores than African Americans, particularly women.

The difference in allostatic load scores between racial groups.

The more stress, the greater the allostatic load and the higher the risk of disease.

Cumulative stress from racism and sexism in African American women.

A distressing event that overwhelms an individual's coping mechanisms.

A sudden, short-term event.

Ongoing stressors over a period of time.

Factors that did not affect the observed allostatic load differences

The body's physiological reaction to perceived threat, involving the release of adrenaline, cortisol, and norepinephrine.

The cumulative effect of chronic stress on the body, leading to physiological changes and potential health risks.

Trauma can manifest in individuals, families, or cultures, shaping characteristics and behaviors over time.

The belief that white bodies are superior and the standard to which other bodies are compared.

A cranial nerve that helps regulate body responses to environmental stimuli.

The idea that interactions with white people serve as a reference point for other race.

Addressing trauma acknowledges its presence and impact without blaming the injured party; recognizes systemic issues.

A concept encouraging the acknowledgment of rest for Black Bodies.

Cells that defend the body against pathogens, each with specialized functions.

The origins and maturation of immune system cells.

These cytokines trigger systemic responses by binding to body receptors, like fever, fatigue, and increased leukocyte production.

IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha affect the hypothalamus, the body's thermostat, causing fever.

A systemic response to cytokines, characterized by fatigue and listlessness, useful for conserving energy.

Increased production of white blood cells (WBCs) to combat infection.

Proteins, like CRP and MBL, produced by the liver in response to inflammation, and aid in complement activation.

Cytokines stimulate fat and muscle to mobilize proteins, amino acids, and fats, increasing metabolism and energy production.

Cytokines act on dendritic cells to migrate to lymph nodes, potentially presenting antigens to CD4 T cells.

Interferons are released from virus-infected cells.

Interferons impede viral replication in uninfected cells.

Virus-infected cells.

Proteins that distinguish self from non-self; part of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC).

MHC proteins recognized by cytotoxic T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, on all nucleated cells, to detect abnormal cells.

MHC proteins recognised by CD4 T cells on antigen-presenting cells (APCs), to trigger an adaptive immune response.

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) display pathogen antigens on MHC class II molecules to activate helper T cells.

Activated helper T cells proliferate and activate B cells and other T cells, contributing to an enhanced immune response.

Cells like macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells that display processed antigens on MHC molecules to activate other immune cells.

The steps involved in effectively combating pathogens include antigen presentation by APCs, activation of helper T cells (CD4 T cells), and further amplification through activation of B and other T cells.