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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of rest pain in peripheral arterial disease (PAD)?

  • It is worsened by limb elevation (correct)
  • It occurs more often during the day
  • It is a sharp, stabbing pain
  • It is relieved by limb elevation

    • What is critical limb ischemia (CLI)?

  • A condition characterized by nonhealing arterial leg ulcers
  • A condition characterized by chronic ischemic pain lasting more than 2 weeks (correct)
  • A condition characterized by pain in the feet or toes
  • A condition characterized by gangrene of the leg from PAD

    • Why does rest pain occur more often at night in patients with PAD?

  • Patients are more active during the day
  • Cardiac output tends to drop during sleep (correct)
  • The limbs are at the level of the heart
  • Gravity has a greater effect on blood flow at night

    • What do patients with PAD often do to achieve pain relief from rest pain?

    <p>Dangle their legs over the side of the bed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a risk factor for critical limb ischemia (CLI) in patients with PAD?

    <p>Diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of rest pain in PAD?

    <p>Insufficient blood flow to the distal tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about lower extremity PAD is most accurate?

    <p>Arterial ulcers in lower extremity PAD most commonly occur over bony prominences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can result from minor trauma to the feet in patients with lower extremity PAD?

    <p>Delayed healing, wound infection, and tissue necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common location for arterial (ischemic) ulcers in lower extremity PAD?

    <p>Over bony prominences on the toes, feet, and lower legs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most serious complication of peripheral arterial disease (PAD)?

    <p>Gangrene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can prevent gangrene in patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) that develops over an extended period?

    <p>Collateral circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common complication of peripheral arterial disease (PAD)?

    <p>Varicose veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group is most likely to experience symptomatic peripheral artery disease (PAD)?

    <p>Middle-aged adults in their 40s and 50s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated number of people in the United States over age 40 who have PAD?

    <p>8.5 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which racial/ethnic group has a higher prevalence of PAD in the United States?

    <p>Blacks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between peripheral artery disease (PAD) and other types of cardiovascular disease (CVD)?

    <p>PAD is a marker of advanced systemic atherosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most significant risk factor for mortality in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD)?

    <p>Smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions are patients with PAD more likely to have?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following risk factors for PAD is considered the most important?

    <p>Tobacco use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of vessel blockage is typically associated with the onset of symptoms in PAD?

    <p>60% to 75%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which racial group is particularly at higher risk for PAD when presenting with multiple risk factors?

    <p>Blacks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vessels are affected by peripheral artery disease (PAD) in the lower extremities?

    <p>Popliteal vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the tissues in the affected extremities in PAD?

    <p>They receive less oxygen and nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause reduced perfusion in PAD?

    <p>Presence of a large plaque within the vessel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if there is less oxygen being delivered to the tissues in the affected area in PAD?

    <p>The tissues become more susceptible to infarction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen if ischemia in PAD is not fixed and becomes severe?

    <p>Death of the tissue (infarction)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can exacerbate ischemia in PAD?

    <p>Increased oxygen demand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause reduced oxygen supply in PAD?

    <p>Thrombus or embolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of reduced oxygen supply in PAD?

    <p>Decreased oxygen delivery to the tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of increased exertional activities in PAD?

    <p>Increased mismatch between oxygen supply and demand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if ischemia in PAD is not fixed and becomes severe?

    <p>Death of the tissue (infarction)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of peripheral artery disease (PAD) is characterized by a gradual and progressive thrombus formation?

    <p>Thrombosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of thrombus formation in PAD?

    <p>Atherosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which risk factor is NOT associated with thrombus formation in PAD?

    <p>High LDL or Low HDL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen if a plaque within the vessel wall leads to a reduction in oxygen supply in PAD?

    <p>Ischemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In PAD, what can cause a stent to become thrombosed?

    <p>Non-compliance with medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medications are typically prescribed for patients with a stent in PAD?

    <p>Aspirin and Plavix (Clopidogrel)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of PAD is characterized by an acute issue with sudden development of complications?

    <p>Embolic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In embolic PAD, where does the clot typically get stuck, causing severe ischemia?

    <p>Iliac area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of reduced perfusion in embolic PAD beyond the area where the clot is stuck?

    <p>Infarction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of PAD is more chronic and characterized by gradual and progressive thrombus formation?

    <p>Thrombosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can cause atrial fibrillation in the presence of a left ventricular thrombus in peripheral artery disease (PAD)?

    <p>Myocardial infarction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In PAD, what can cause a clot to form in the dilated area of an abdominal aortic aneurysm?

    <p>Stasis of blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if a piece of a clot breaks off from an abdominal aortic aneurysm and gets stuck in one of the actual vessels in PAD?

    <p>It occludes the vessel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can cause aneurysmal dilation and clot formation in the popliteal area in PAD?

    <p>Stasis of blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In PAD, what can happen if there are plaques or clots within the vessels, leading to reduced blood flow to the tissues?

    <p>Muscle pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification of limb pains in PAD helps determine the severity and urgency of intervention?

    <p>Intermittent claudication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is NOT caused by an embolic problem in PAD?

    <p>Vasculitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause reduced perfusion in PAD due to embolic problems?

    <p>Stasis of blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of PAD is characterized by gradual and progressive thrombus formation?

    <p>Chronic PAD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of rest pain in PAD?

    <p>Reduced blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery is responsible for supplying blood to the hips and buttocks in patients with iliac artery pain in PAD?

    <p>Femoral artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pulses will be diminished in patients with iliac artery pain in PAD?

    <p>Femoral, popliteal, and pedal pulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery is affected in patients with pain in the genital area in PAD?

    <p>Genital artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom may patients with pain in the genital area in PAD experience?

    <p>Erectile dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the clot get stuck in patients with pain in the femoral and popliteal artery in PAD?

    <p>Thigh area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom may patients with pain in the femoral and popliteal artery in PAD experience?

    <p>Calf pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery is affected in patients with pain in the tibiofibular artery in PAD?

    <p>Tibiofibular artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom may patients with pain in the tibiofibular artery in PAD experience?

    <p>Foot pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pain is associated with vascular issues in PAD?

    <p>Claudication pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the pain in patients with intermittent claudication in PAD when they rest?

    <p>It improves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of resting claudication in peripheral arterial disease (PAD)?

    <p>It improves when the legs are elevated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of critical limb ischemia (CLI) in PAD?

    <p>Decreased blood supply to the limb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a sign of critical limb ischemia (CLI) in PAD?

    <p>Pain lasting for more than 2 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of plaque or embolus occluding blood flow in peripheral arterial disease (PAD)?

    <p>Reduced or absent pulse distal to occlusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of intermittent claudication in PAD?

    <p>It worsens with increased oxygen demand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Buerger's sign in resting claudication in PAD?

    <p>It causes a change in leg color in specific positions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of critical limb ischemia (CLI) in PAD?

    <p>It is accompanied by gangrene and arterial ulcers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of elevating the legs in resting claudication in PAD?

    <p>Change in leg color to pale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of hanging the legs in resting claudication in PAD?

    <p>Improved blood flow with gravity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of pulse bruits in peripheral arterial disease (PAD)?

    <p>It worsens with increased oxygen demand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is the most common cause of acute limb ischemia in peripheral arterial disease (PAD)?

    <p>Embolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of acute occlusion of a blood vessel in acute limb ischemia in PAD?

    <p>Reduced blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause compression of blood vessels in acute limb ischemia in PAD?

    <p>Compartment syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can result in acute limb ischemia in PAD due to trauma?

    <p>Fractured bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary manifestation of acute limb ischemia in PAD?

    <p>Severe ischemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the affected tissue in acute limb ischemia in PAD?

    <p>Infarction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of blockage is most commonly associated with acute limb ischemia in PAD?

    <p>Complete blockage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of reduced blood flow in acute limb ischemia in PAD?

    <p>Severe ischemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a skin manifestation of peripheral artery disease (PAD)?

    <p>Thickened brittle nails</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of arterial ulcers in PAD?

    <p>Punched out and dry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential consequence of decreased oxygen and nutrient supply in PAD?

    <p>Muscle atrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of dry gangrene in PAD?

    <p>Black discoloration and lack of erythema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential consequence of arterial ulcers progressing to wet gangrene in PAD?

    <p>Sepsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential cause of pale cold extremities in PAD?

    <p>Insufficient oxygen supply to the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can potentially cause hair loss in PAD?

    <p>Decreased oxygen and nutrient supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential consequence of decreased blood flow in PAD?

    <p>Colder skin and decreased color</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the clinical features of acute limb ischemia in PAD?

    <p>Paralysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of positive Doppler pulses in PAD?

    <p>The limb is viable and can be revascularized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the clinical features of a non-viable limb in PAD?

    <p>Weakness and paralysis, no pain, loss of sensations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of absent pulses in Doppler pulse in PAD?

    <p>Thrombus formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the skin temperature in acute limb ischemia in PAD?

    <p>It cannot be regulated and becomes poikilothermal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of weakness in PAD?

    <p>It indicates a non-viable limb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of sensory loss in PAD?

    <p>It indicates a non-viable limb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of pain in PAD?

    <p>Infarction of muscle tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of paresthesia in PAD?

    <p>Nerve destruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of pallor in PAD?

    <p>Reduced blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the first-line diagnostic test for peripheral arterial disease (PAD)?

    <p>Ankle-Brachial Index</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diagnostic range for the Ankle-Brachial Index in PAD?

    <p>&lt;0.9</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is NOT an indication for revascularization in PAD?

    <p>Medial calcific sclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of critical limb ischemia (CLI) in PAD?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following risk factors increases the risk for critical limb ischemia (CLI) in patients with PAD?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can result from prolonged ischemia in lower extremity PAD?

    <p>Atrophy of the skin and underlying muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diagnostic tests can assess PAD and determine if the patient is a good candidate for revascularization?

    <p>Computed Tomography Angiography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of delayed healing, wound infection, and tissue necrosis in PAD?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of intermittent claudication in PAD?

    <p>Pain with walking that resolves with rest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of critical limb ischemia (CLI) in PAD?

    <p>Severe obstruction of the arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the first treatment goal for patients with PAD?

    <p>Reducing CVD risk factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a well-known risk factor for PAD progression?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential to reduce the risk for CVD events, PAD progression, and death in PAD patients?

    <p>Comprehensive tobacco cessation strategies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI)?

    <p>1.00–1.30</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range for Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) that indicates Borderline ABI?

    <p>0.91–0.99</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range for Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) that indicates Mild PAD?

    <p>0.70–0.41</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range for Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) that indicates Severe PAD?

    <p>≤0.40</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is NOT recommended for preventing cardiovascular disease (CVD) events in patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD)?

    <p>Warfarin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the target glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C) level for patients with diabetes and PAD?

    <p>Below 7.0%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication can reduce symptoms of peripheral arterial disease (PAD)?

    <p>Cilostazol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is commonly used for antiplatelet therapy in patients with PAD?

    <p>Aspirin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is NOT recommended for reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events in patients with PAD?

    <p>Gemfibrozil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication can improve the flexibility of red blood cells (RBCs) and white blood cells (WBCs) in patients with PAD?

    <p>Pentoxifylline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication can inhibit platelet aggregation and increase vasodilation in patients with PAD?

    <p>Cilostazol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication can be used by aspirin-intolerant patients for antiplatelet therapy in PAD?

    <p>Clopidogrel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication can reduce the risk for myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke in patients with PAD?

    <p>Omeprazole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is usually stopped within 3 months due to side effects in patients with PAD?

    <p>Cilostazol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about exercise therapy for PAD is most accurate?

    <p>Women with PAD have slower functional decline and greater mobility loss compared to men.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the recommended waist circumference for women with PAD?

    <p>Less than 35 inches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended body mass index (BMI) for patients with PAD?

    <p>Less than 25 kg/m2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of sustained weight loss in patients with PAD?

    <p>Reduction in triglycerides, glucose, A1C, and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of diet is recommended for obese or overweight persons with PAD?

    <p>Low-calorie and low-salt diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications should patients with critical limb ischemia (CLI) continue to take to reduce the risk for a cardiovascular disease (CVD) event?

    <p>ACE inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the optimal therapy for a patient with critical limb ischemia (CLI) in peripheral artery disease (PAD)?

    <p>Bypass surgery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following actions should be taken to prevent skin cracking and infection in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD)?

    <p>Keeping the affected foot clean and dry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended footwear for patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD)?

    <p>Soft and roomy footwear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential risk of taking dietary or herbal supplements for patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD)?

    <p>Potential interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a part of conservative management for patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD)?

    <p>Preventing and controlling infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended position for the bed in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) to control pain and increase perfusion to the lower extremities?

    <p>Reverse Trendelenburg position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of revascularization in the treatment of critical limb ischemia (CLI) in peripheral artery disease (PAD)?

    <p>To improve perfusion to the affected limb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done to protect the heels of patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD)?

    <p>Use a commercially available heel protection device</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment for deep ulcers in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD)?

    <p>Using wound care products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which procedure for peripheral arterial disease (PAD) involves the insertion of a specialized catheter into the femoral artery and the use of a balloon at the tip to compress the atherosclerotic intimal lining?

    <p>Angioplasty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of placing expandable metallic devices, such as stents, within the artery after balloon angioplasty in PAD?

    <p>To limit the growth of new tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which procedure for PAD involves the removal of the obstructing plaque using a high-speed cutting disk or ultraviolet energy?

    <p>Atherectomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of cryoplasty in PAD?

    <p>To combine PTA and cold therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which alternative to open surgery is commonly used for the treatment of lower extremity PAD in interventional radiology?

    <p>Stent placement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some promising strategies to stimulate blood vessel growth (angiogenesis) in patients with critical limb ischemia (CLI) in PAD?

    <p>Growth factors and gene therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prognosis for patients with critical limb ischemia (CLI) in PAD?

    <p>Almost half will die within 5 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do catheter-based procedures for PAD take place?

    <p>Catheterization laboratory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of coating angioplasty balloons and peripheral stents with a drug in PAD?

    <p>To limit the growth of new tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which procedure for PAD involves the insertion of a catheter with a diamond-coated tip that rotates at a high speed?

    <p>Atherectomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which surgical approach is typically used when a person's own vein is not available for peripheral artery bypass surgery in PAD?

    <p>Composite sequential bypass graft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What surgical procedure involves opening the artery, removing the obstructing plaque, and sewing a patch to widen the lumen in PAD?

    <p>Endarterectomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In PAD, when is amputation typically needed?

    <p>All major arteries in the limb are blocked</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the in-hospital mortality like for women undergoing revascularization in PAD compared to men?

    <p>Higher in women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which surgical option involves opening the artery and removing the obstructing plaque in PAD?

    <p>Endarterectomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of peripheral artery bypass surgery in PAD?

    <p>To improve blood flow beyond a blocked artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended approach for surgical treatment of long routes in PAD?

    <p>Axillary-femoral bypass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of PTA with stenting in combination with bypass surgery in PAD?

    <p>To improve blood flow beyond a blocked artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) Overview

    • Rest pain in PAD is a characteristic symptom, often indicating advanced disease.
    • Critical limb ischemia (CLI) is a severe form of PAD resulting in inadequate blood supply, leading to rest pain and tissue necrosis without intervention.

    Rest Pain Characteristics and Causes

    • Rest pain typically worsens at night due to decreased blood flow and body position.
    • Patients often hang their legs to relieve pain, promoting improved circulation and reducing discomfort.
    • The main cause of rest pain in PAD is insufficient blood flow and oxygen delivery to the tissues.

    Risk Factors and Prevalence

    • Diabetes, hypertension, and smoking are common risk factors for CLI in PAD patients.
    • Age (especially over 40) increases the likelihood of experiencing symptomatic PAD, with estimates suggesting millions affected in the U.S.
    • African American individuals show higher prevalence rates of PAD in the United States.

    Complications and Symptoms

    • Minor trauma can lead to serious outcomes such as ulcers or gangrene due to reduced blood flow.
    • Arterial (ischemic) ulcers most commonly occur on the lower extremities, specifically the toes and heels.
    • The most serious complication of PAD is the risk of limb amputation due to critical ischemia.
    • Preventive measures, such as revascularization, can avert progression to gangrene.

    Relationships and Other Conditions

    • PAD is linked to a higher incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and mortality rates.
    • Atherosclerosis is the primary cause of vessel blockade and ischemia in PAD.
    • Patients with PAD are more likely to develop conditions like hypertension and diabetes, which further complicate their health.

    Diagnosis and Assessment

    • Approximately 50% vessel blockage is often necessary for PAD symptoms to manifest.
    • The Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) is the first-line diagnostic test, assessing blood flow in the limbs.

    Thrombus and Embolism

    • Thrombus formation in PAD is often gradual, worsened by risk factors such as hyperlipidemia and sedentary lifestyle.
    • Acute limb ischemia is typically caused by embolism, where a clot significantly blocks blood flow.
    • Common causes of acute limb ischemia include sudden occlusion, trauma, and embolic events from conditions like atrial fibrillation.

    Symptoms and Clinical Features

    • Symptoms of PAD include intermittent claudication, muscle pain during activity, and absent pulses.
    • Advanced PAD may present with pallor, coolness in the extremities, weakness, and sensory loss.
    • Signs of CLI may include pain at rest, non-healing wounds, and visible ulcers.

    Treatment Options

    • Management strategies include lifestyle modifications, medications, and surgical interventions like angioplasty or bypass surgery for severe cases.
    • Medications commonly prescribed for stent patients include antiplatelet agents and statins to prevent thrombus formation.

    Outcome and Prognosis

    • Reduced blood flow in PAD can lead to palpable skin manifestations, such as dry or wet gangrene.
    • The consequence of prolonged ischemia, if not promptly addressed, can lead to tissue death and require limb amputation.
    • Positive Doppler signals indicate blood flow restoration, while the absence of pulses may signify critical ischemia or impending limb viability loss.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of rest pain in peripheral arterial disease (PAD) with this quiz. Learn about the causes, symptoms, and management of rest pain in the foot or toes, including its relationship to limb elevation and cardiac output during sleep.

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