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Questions and Answers

What aspect of monastery gardens directly influenced European peasant gardens?

  • Emphasis on ornamental only plants
  • Plant variety introduced by citizens
  • Continuation of medieval gardening practices (correct)
  • Use of decorative water surfaces

What was a notable feature of Renaissance gardens compared to those in the Middle Ages?

  • Focus on the spiritual aspects of gardening
  • Closer integration between garden and house design (correct)
  • Separation of house and garden spaces
  • Use of wild and uncultivated plants

What type of gardens did monks directly supervise during the medieval period?

  • Knightly castle gardens and manor gardens (correct)
  • Only monastery gardens without any external influence
  • Rural gardens only, excluding urban gardens
  • Public parks and botanical gardens

In medieval Hungary, what was often found in cemeteries that reflected gardening traditions?

<p>Monastery garden herbs and orchards (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor differentiates Renaissance gardens from ancient Roman horticultural practices?

<p>Integration of architectural elements with garden design. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did the cult of flowers play in medieval cemeteries?

<p>It was completely absent in medieval traditions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What accessory was essential in renaissance gardens to create a cheerful atmosphere?

<p>Pergolas with decorative plants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function did burial places serve in relation to medieval monastery gardens?

<p>Monastery herbs were planted and cultivated there. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary groups into which monastery garden plants can be classified?

<p>Flowers of the Middle Ages (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was significant about the term 'herba' in medieval times?

<p>It indicated plants with strong healing properties. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the use of herbs change from the Middle Ages to the Baroque Age?

<p>They were integrated into the vegetable garden. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a group of plants found in monastery gardens?

<p>Aquatic plants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did scent play in the evaluation of plants during the Middle Ages?

<p>It was the primary indicator of the plant's healing properties. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant change occurred to herbs in castle gardens during the later centuries of the Middle Ages?

<p>They were pushed to the background behind decorative flowers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significance do the glossaries have in relation to learning Latin?

<p>They served as textbooks for teaching Latin. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which plants were highlighted as the most strongly scented in monastery gardens?

<p>Herbs from the Mediterranean (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary role of monastery gardens in medieval Hungary?

<p>To preserve the legacy of imperial Rome and cultivate various plants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following plants were likely among the first cultivated in Hungarian gardens?

<p>Apple and pear trees (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Slavic influence contribute to Hungarian gardening practices?

<p>Slavic mediation introduced monastery garden plants to Hungarians. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true about the documentation of monastery gardens in Hungarian medieval literature?

<p>No records have been found documenting their existence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What gardening knowledge was carried over to Hungary by early Christian monks?

<p>Methods from Roman horticultural writers like Columella (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following horticultural traditions heavily influenced the development of medieval gardens in Hungary?

<p>Islamic garden aesthetics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of plants were typically not incorporated into Hungarian gardens from the east?

<p>Cooking vegetables, spices, and herbs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature was characteristic of the Roman peasant gardens that influenced monastery gardens in Hungary?

<p>Horizontal system layout and diverse plant species (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which historical factor contributed to the adaptation of garden practices in Hungary?

<p>Barbarian attacks disrupting older traditions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a common feature of the monastery gardens of Europe and Hungary during the medieval period?

<p>They served medicinal and culinary purposes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of plants were included in the list of those grown in monastery gardens?

<p>A mix of both native and non-native species (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred about the distribution of gardening knowledge in medieval Hungary?

<p>It was influenced by both local traditions and external cultures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic was NOT a feature of medieval gardens?

<p>Strictly ornamental layout without practical use (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the evidence suggest about the shift in gardening practices after the arrival of Christianity in Hungary?

<p>There was a blending of existing flora with new practices and plants. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the challenges faced by early Hungarian gardeners?

<p>They faced a limited selection of plants suited for their climate. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Medieval monastery gardens origins

Medieval monastery gardens were influenced by Roman imperial gardens and ancient peasant gardens, particularly in Italy, as their designs and plants were similar.

Medieval garden plant types

Medieval gardens initially focused on fruit trees (like apples and pears), with flower gardens later emerging among wealthy individuals.

Monastery gardens as cultural centers

Monasteries played a crucial role in preserving and spreading garden knowledge, influencing the development of the Hungarian garden culture.

Hungarian introduction to garden plants

Hungarians gradually adopted garden plants, primarily through contact with Slavic populations and the legacy of monastery gardens.

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Early Hungarian garden plants

Certain plants, like onions, horseradish, and some salad vegetables, were already known to Hungarians due to trade or historical connections—though not always specifically grown in gardens.

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Development of garden culture

Garden culture in the Danube-Tisza region significantly increased due to settlement and new inhabitants.

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Slavic influence on Hungarian gardens

Some garden plants and terms were adopted by Hungarians through interactions with Slavs, specifically showing that knowledge was passed down.

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Importance of written records

Lack of accessible written sources makes it difficult to fully understand the development of medieval Hungarian gardens.

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Monks' role in spreading knowledge

Monks contributed to preserving and distributing gardening knowledge, effectively acting as a way to transfer it across borders.

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Roman peasant garden legacy

Roman gardening practices influenced the designs and plant choices in medieval monastery gardens, particularly those in areas formerly under Roman control.

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Vitalist worldview

Medieval and Renaissance gardens were often seen as having symbolic meanings, contributing to a worldview that recognized life forces in nature.

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Garden Knowledge in Middle Ages

Ideas about gardens from the medieval period were integrated from varied sources like the Islamic world, ancient ideas, and interpretations of religious texts.

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Ancient Garden Knowledge

Ancient Mediterranean and traditional interpretations of religious texts influenced garden design.

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Monastery garden similarities

Benedictine monastery gardens in Hungary were very similar to those elsewhere in Europe; differences were minuscule and no unique plants were distinguished.

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Garden types and distinctions

While gardens developed in various forms, such as monastery gardens or medicinal gardens, they were distinct from each other later.

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Medieval Monastery Gardens

Early European gardens, often found near monasteries, offering herbs and flowers.

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Peasant Gardens (Medieval)

Gardens directly inspired, modeled and developed from Monastery Gardens, planting herbs and flowers (particularly rosemary, scarlet sage, and marjoram) often around graves.

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Medieval Cemetery Plants

Herbs from monastery gardens frequently found in village cemeteries, demonstrating the historic association with gardens and gravesites.

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Renaissance Garden Organization

Gardens designed in the Renaissance period showing an emphasis on formal structures and a closer integration with the house.

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Renaissance Garden Features

Key elements of Renaissance gardens involved decorative plants, pergolas, evergreens, birdcages and water features.

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Garden and House Unity (Renaissance)

Renaissance gardens were consciously designed to create a unified and harmonious space with the house, following a main axis.

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Formal Garden Elements

Formal elements in renaissance gardens reflected the aesthetic features of the buildings, often mirroring the design.

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Ancient Roman Gardens

Renaissance gardens drew inspiration from antique concepts and design components, creating an echo between different periods

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What were medieval herb gardens called?

Medieval herb gardens were called "herbarium" in monasteries, a term reflecting their importance for medicinal and culinary uses.

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What was the primary indicator of herb's medicinal properties?

In the Middle Ages, the scent of a plant was the primary indicator of its healing properties. Strong-smelling herbs were believed to hold potent medicinal powers.

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What is a key difference between medieval and modern herb gardens?

Medieval herb gardens emphasized strong-smelling plants for medicinal purposes, while modern herb gardens often focus on culinary uses, flavor, and aesthetics.

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How did the medieval herb cult evolve into the flower cult?

The medieval emphasis on strong-smelling herbs transitioned to a focus on flowers, which eventually became a vital aspect of the flower cult.

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What role did herbs play in castle gardens during the Age of Chivalry?

While strongly scented herbs were still present in castle gardens, they were often relegated to less prominent positions compared to decorative flowers.

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Where did herbs end up in Baroque ornamental gardens?

Although herbs were still present in Baroque gardens, they were generally incorporated into the vegetable garden section, rather than the ornamental flower gardens.

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What role did herbs play in botanical literature?

Herbs held a prominent position not only in medieval botanical literature but also during the Renaissance, reflecting their enduring scientific and medicinal importance.

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How did the herbarium in the medieval monastery evolve over time?

The herbarium, initially focused on medicinal herbs, gradually incorporated more decorative flowers as societal tastes shifted, eventually leading to the development of modern flower gardens.

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Study Notes

Environmental Archaeology Exam Notes

  • Investigations of food remains require inspecting the inside of dishes and ceramic fragments for decayed remains before washing
  • Remains decompose quickly under natural conditions (e.g., fire, water, dry microclimate)
  • Regular sampling and careful observation are crucial for residue analysis, which can include foods like flour, porridge, bread, cake, soup, and ready meals.
  • Analyzing stomach contents of mummies and bog bodies can provide information on diet and potentially ingested substances (e.g., dyes, drugs, poisons)
  • Instrumental analytical chemistry tests are used to examine the composition of remaining tissue remains, including macro- and microelements
  • Determining the absence of easily washed-out elements like table salt is crucial
  • Analysis of starch, sugar, proteins, amino acids, cholesterol, fatty, and oleic acids are helpful in detecting food remains.
  • 7500 BC Lebanon: Barley found in a jar.
  • 4900 BC Switzerland: Lactic acid fermented dough from fine flour
  • 3150 BC Switzerland: Bread made of 70% fine flour

Food Remains Investigation

  • Porridge made from cereals (e.g., alacor wheat, spelt, barley), seeds, wheat, water, and sometimes milk.
  • Flavorings include legumes, vegetables, wild apples, fruits, meats, and fish.
  • Intentional burning of food can be used to help preserve certain foods.
  • Neolithic pottery (3830-3080 BC, Swiss and D-German) shows stir-fried soup and porridge burned on top of each other, likely to keep the water from flowing out.
  • Example: Zurich Mozartstrasse Neolithic vessel found to contain soup and a one-course meal, including fish, parsnips.

Examinations

  • Dry porridge is one method of investigating food remains.
  • Examination of pottery fragments, like drilling/sampling the inside or the use of macroscopic examinations to look at porridge/bread for analysis
  • Testing of shells for household waste in archaeological sites to determine what the community ate.
  • Examining shells from household waste found at archaeological sites to determine what the late Neolithic community in Gorza ate.

Detailed Tests

  • Tests on 24 microlayers of material:
  • Radiocarbon data is used to determine the levels from the first settlement to the last
  • The material of each level was examined separately based on the material of the waste pit in the deepest horizon (4898-4874 BC)
  • 1213 shells belong to 3 Unio species (Unio pictorum, Unio tumidus, and Unio crassus)
  • Unipictomorum, Unio tumidus, and Unio crassus
  • The collection environment and possible methods
  • The collection environment and method is consistent
  • limited to the shallow coast of smaller waters

Shell Examinations

  • Biometric measurements include turtle height, width, flatness index, and shell weight
  • Statistical analysis of size and species preferences during collection
  • Energy content estimations of shellfish for the purposes of determining the amount eaten
  • Analysis of shellfish meat for daily energy requirements, with estimations for household meals.
  • Late Neolithic tell shell material of Szegvát-Tuzkoves(4900--4400 BC): Analysis of possible human consumption habits Archaeological investigations of shells found in the soil. Identifying small vertebrates in soil layers, like the hypothesis of Kadic Ottokar and Laszlo Vertes using palaentological points of view.

Other Information

  • Cowrie/cauri snails are a single-piece shell from the Indian Ocean. Some cultures used them or decoration, fertility rites,and currency
  • Identifying the types and origins of the shells helps researchers to understand the environment of the people who lived there.
  • Identifying snails found in sediments, like the analysis of those in caves, reveals possible environmental information from the past
  • Studying the patterns of snail accumulations provides clues to the dietary habits and food gathering practices of these communities
  • Palynology (pollen analysis) examines pollen and spores in sediments to create a profile of past environments
  • Sample preparation for palynology involves processes like identifying, counting, and characterizing pollen and spores from different time periods
  • Palynology is a technique using ancient pollen and spores to understand and interpret climate change.
  • Significant and different sediment accumulation (example: quaternary)
  • Identifying types of sediment and periods of change (example: Pleistocene, Holocene) by studying sediments collected from certain locations.
  • The study of cave sediments found in Central Mountains (e.g., Bukk, Aggteleki-karszt, Bakony) and areas around lakes, rivers, or sinkholes.
  • Reconstruction of the historical development of faunas in certain regions.

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