Podcast
Questions and Answers
What aspect of monastery gardens directly influenced European peasant gardens?
What aspect of monastery gardens directly influenced European peasant gardens?
What was a notable feature of Renaissance gardens compared to those in the Middle Ages?
What was a notable feature of Renaissance gardens compared to those in the Middle Ages?
What type of gardens did monks directly supervise during the medieval period?
What type of gardens did monks directly supervise during the medieval period?
In medieval Hungary, what was often found in cemeteries that reflected gardening traditions?
In medieval Hungary, what was often found in cemeteries that reflected gardening traditions?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor differentiates Renaissance gardens from ancient Roman horticultural practices?
Which factor differentiates Renaissance gardens from ancient Roman horticultural practices?
Signup and view all the answers
What role did the cult of flowers play in medieval cemeteries?
What role did the cult of flowers play in medieval cemeteries?
Signup and view all the answers
What accessory was essential in renaissance gardens to create a cheerful atmosphere?
What accessory was essential in renaissance gardens to create a cheerful atmosphere?
Signup and view all the answers
What function did burial places serve in relation to medieval monastery gardens?
What function did burial places serve in relation to medieval monastery gardens?
Signup and view all the answers
What is one of the primary groups into which monastery garden plants can be classified?
What is one of the primary groups into which monastery garden plants can be classified?
Signup and view all the answers
What was significant about the term 'herba' in medieval times?
What was significant about the term 'herba' in medieval times?
Signup and view all the answers
How did the use of herbs change from the Middle Ages to the Baroque Age?
How did the use of herbs change from the Middle Ages to the Baroque Age?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a group of plants found in monastery gardens?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a group of plants found in monastery gardens?
Signup and view all the answers
What role did scent play in the evaluation of plants during the Middle Ages?
What role did scent play in the evaluation of plants during the Middle Ages?
Signup and view all the answers
What significant change occurred to herbs in castle gardens during the later centuries of the Middle Ages?
What significant change occurred to herbs in castle gardens during the later centuries of the Middle Ages?
Signup and view all the answers
What significance do the glossaries have in relation to learning Latin?
What significance do the glossaries have in relation to learning Latin?
Signup and view all the answers
Which plants were highlighted as the most strongly scented in monastery gardens?
Which plants were highlighted as the most strongly scented in monastery gardens?
Signup and view all the answers
What was the primary role of monastery gardens in medieval Hungary?
What was the primary role of monastery gardens in medieval Hungary?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following plants were likely among the first cultivated in Hungarian gardens?
Which of the following plants were likely among the first cultivated in Hungarian gardens?
Signup and view all the answers
How did Slavic influence contribute to Hungarian gardening practices?
How did Slavic influence contribute to Hungarian gardening practices?
Signup and view all the answers
What is true about the documentation of monastery gardens in Hungarian medieval literature?
What is true about the documentation of monastery gardens in Hungarian medieval literature?
Signup and view all the answers
What gardening knowledge was carried over to Hungary by early Christian monks?
What gardening knowledge was carried over to Hungary by early Christian monks?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following horticultural traditions heavily influenced the development of medieval gardens in Hungary?
Which of the following horticultural traditions heavily influenced the development of medieval gardens in Hungary?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of plants were typically not incorporated into Hungarian gardens from the east?
What type of plants were typically not incorporated into Hungarian gardens from the east?
Signup and view all the answers
Which feature was characteristic of the Roman peasant gardens that influenced monastery gardens in Hungary?
Which feature was characteristic of the Roman peasant gardens that influenced monastery gardens in Hungary?
Signup and view all the answers
Which historical factor contributed to the adaptation of garden practices in Hungary?
Which historical factor contributed to the adaptation of garden practices in Hungary?
Signup and view all the answers
What was a common feature of the monastery gardens of Europe and Hungary during the medieval period?
What was a common feature of the monastery gardens of Europe and Hungary during the medieval period?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of plants were included in the list of those grown in monastery gardens?
What type of plants were included in the list of those grown in monastery gardens?
Signup and view all the answers
What can be inferred about the distribution of gardening knowledge in medieval Hungary?
What can be inferred about the distribution of gardening knowledge in medieval Hungary?
Signup and view all the answers
Which characteristic was NOT a feature of medieval gardens?
Which characteristic was NOT a feature of medieval gardens?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the evidence suggest about the shift in gardening practices after the arrival of Christianity in Hungary?
What does the evidence suggest about the shift in gardening practices after the arrival of Christianity in Hungary?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements best describes the challenges faced by early Hungarian gardeners?
Which of the following statements best describes the challenges faced by early Hungarian gardeners?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Environmental Archaeology Exam Notes
- Investigations of food remains require inspecting the inside of dishes and ceramic fragments for decayed remains before washing
- Remains decompose quickly under natural conditions (e.g., fire, water, dry microclimate)
- Regular sampling and careful observation are crucial for residue analysis, which can include foods like flour, porridge, bread, cake, soup, and ready meals.
- Analyzing stomach contents of mummies and bog bodies can provide information on diet and potentially ingested substances (e.g., dyes, drugs, poisons)
- Instrumental analytical chemistry tests are used to examine the composition of remaining tissue remains, including macro- and microelements
- Determining the absence of easily washed-out elements like table salt is crucial
- Analysis of starch, sugar, proteins, amino acids, cholesterol, fatty, and oleic acids are helpful in detecting food remains.
- 7500 BC Lebanon: Barley found in a jar.
- 4900 BC Switzerland: Lactic acid fermented dough from fine flour
- 3150 BC Switzerland: Bread made of 70% fine flour
Food Remains Investigation
- Porridge made from cereals (e.g., alacor wheat, spelt, barley), seeds, wheat, water, and sometimes milk.
- Flavorings include legumes, vegetables, wild apples, fruits, meats, and fish.
- Intentional burning of food can be used to help preserve certain foods.
- Neolithic pottery (3830-3080 BC, Swiss and D-German) shows stir-fried soup and porridge burned on top of each other, likely to keep the water from flowing out.
- Example: Zurich Mozartstrasse Neolithic vessel found to contain soup and a one-course meal, including fish, parsnips.
Examinations
- Dry porridge is one method of investigating food remains.
- Examination of pottery fragments, like drilling/sampling the inside or the use of macroscopic examinations to look at porridge/bread for analysis
- Testing of shells for household waste in archaeological sites to determine what the community ate.
- Examining shells from household waste found at archaeological sites to determine what the late Neolithic community in Gorza ate.
Detailed Tests
- Tests on 24 microlayers of material:
- Radiocarbon data is used to determine the levels from the first settlement to the last
- The material of each level was examined separately based on the material of the waste pit in the deepest horizon (4898-4874 BC)
- 1213 shells belong to 3 Unio species (Unio pictorum, Unio tumidus, and Unio crassus)
- Unipictomorum, Unio tumidus, and Unio crassus
- The collection environment and possible methods
- The collection environment and method is consistent
- limited to the shallow coast of smaller waters
Shell Examinations
- Biometric measurements include turtle height, width, flatness index, and shell weight
- Statistical analysis of size and species preferences during collection
- Energy content estimations of shellfish for the purposes of determining the amount eaten
- Analysis of shellfish meat for daily energy requirements, with estimations for household meals.
- Late Neolithic tell shell material of Szegvát-Tuzkoves(4900--4400 BC): Analysis of possible human consumption habits Archaeological investigations of shells found in the soil. Identifying small vertebrates in soil layers, like the hypothesis of Kadic Ottokar and Laszlo Vertes using palaentological points of view.
Other Information
- Cowrie/cauri snails are a single-piece shell from the Indian Ocean. Some cultures used them or decoration, fertility rites,and currency
- Identifying the types and origins of the shells helps researchers to understand the environment of the people who lived there.
- Identifying snails found in sediments, like the analysis of those in caves, reveals possible environmental information from the past
- Studying the patterns of snail accumulations provides clues to the dietary habits and food gathering practices of these communities
- Palynology (pollen analysis) examines pollen and spores in sediments to create a profile of past environments
- Sample preparation for palynology involves processes like identifying, counting, and characterizing pollen and spores from different time periods
- Palynology is a technique using ancient pollen and spores to understand and interpret climate change.
- Significant and different sediment accumulation (example: quaternary)
- Identifying types of sediment and periods of change (example: Pleistocene, Holocene) by studying sediments collected from certain locations.
- The study of cave sediments found in Central Mountains (e.g., Bukk, Aggteleki-karszt, Bakony) and areas around lakes, rivers, or sinkholes.
- Reconstruction of the historical development of faunas in certain regions.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
