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Questions and Answers
What is the function of the visceral pericardium?
What is the function of the visceral pericardium?
Which layer of the heart is primarily made of cardiac muscle?
Which layer of the heart is primarily made of cardiac muscle?
Which valve is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle?
Which valve is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle?
What structure helps prevent backflow of blood in the heart?
What structure helps prevent backflow of blood in the heart?
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What is the role of great vessels in the heart?
What is the role of great vessels in the heart?
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Which chamber of the heart discharges oxygenated blood?
Which chamber of the heart discharges oxygenated blood?
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Which of the following heart valves is classified as an 'atrioventricular valve'?
Which of the following heart valves is classified as an 'atrioventricular valve'?
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Which regions of the brain are considered its major components?
Which regions of the brain are considered its major components?
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What feature separates the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum?
What feature separates the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum?
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Which functions are primarily associated with the left hemisphere of the brain?
Which functions are primarily associated with the left hemisphere of the brain?
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What is the primary purpose of the corpus callosum?
What is the primary purpose of the corpus callosum?
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What does the brainstem primarily control?
What does the brainstem primarily control?
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Which structure of the brain is responsible for processing sensory inputs from the body?
Which structure of the brain is responsible for processing sensory inputs from the body?
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Which of the following is NOT typically a function of the right hemisphere?
Which of the following is NOT typically a function of the right hemisphere?
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What terms are used to describe the grooves and hills on the surface of the cerebrum?
What terms are used to describe the grooves and hills on the surface of the cerebrum?
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What is the primary role of the pons in the brain?
What is the primary role of the pons in the brain?
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Which structure is responsible for maintaining homeostasis and regulating the pituitary gland?
Which structure is responsible for maintaining homeostasis and regulating the pituitary gland?
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What is the main function of the thalamus in the diencephalon?
What is the main function of the thalamus in the diencephalon?
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Which part of the brain influences emotional and visceral responses?
Which part of the brain influences emotional and visceral responses?
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Which brain structure is NOT involved in arousal and sleep-wake cycles?
Which brain structure is NOT involved in arousal and sleep-wake cycles?
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What role does the midbrain play in sensory processing?
What role does the midbrain play in sensory processing?
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Which part of the diencephalon is smaller but involved in the regulation of mood?
Which part of the diencephalon is smaller but involved in the regulation of mood?
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Which of the following functions is associated with the medulla?
Which of the following functions is associated with the medulla?
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What is the primary function of mineralocorticoids?
What is the primary function of mineralocorticoids?
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Which hormone is released during stress and is involved in suppressing inflammation?
Which hormone is released during stress and is involved in suppressing inflammation?
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What type of hormones are produced by the adrenal medulla?
What type of hormones are produced by the adrenal medulla?
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What is the effect of norepinephrine on the gastrointestinal (GI) tract?
What is the effect of norepinephrine on the gastrointestinal (GI) tract?
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Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating sodium levels in the blood?
Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating sodium levels in the blood?
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What do gonadocorticoids produce in the adrenal glands?
What do gonadocorticoids produce in the adrenal glands?
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What is the primary role of somatostatin as secreted by delta cells?
What is the primary role of somatostatin as secreted by delta cells?
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Which of the following is NOT a classification of hormones produced by the adrenal cortex?
Which of the following is NOT a classification of hormones produced by the adrenal cortex?
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Which tissue type is least likely to be found in a structure that conducts electrical signals?
Which tissue type is least likely to be found in a structure that conducts electrical signals?
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What defines an organ in the human body?
What defines an organ in the human body?
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Which option describes the relationship between systems in the human body?
Which option describes the relationship between systems in the human body?
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What is the anatomical position characterized by?
What is the anatomical position characterized by?
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What are directional terms in anatomy based on?
What are directional terms in anatomy based on?
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Which cavity contains the organs of the respiratory system?
Which cavity contains the organs of the respiratory system?
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What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?
What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?
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Which statement is true regarding the appendicular skeleton?
Which statement is true regarding the appendicular skeleton?
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What is the term for the plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior sections?
What is the term for the plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior sections?
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How many bones are in the skull, including associated bones?
How many bones are in the skull, including associated bones?
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What is the primary function of the membranes in the body?
What is the primary function of the membranes in the body?
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Which section of the skeleton is responsible for the upper and lower limbs?
Which section of the skeleton is responsible for the upper and lower limbs?
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How many vertebrae are in the vertebral column?
How many vertebrae are in the vertebral column?
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Which bones are included in the pelvic girdle?
Which bones are included in the pelvic girdle?
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What does the axial skeleton include?
What does the axial skeleton include?
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Which is NOT a component of the integumentary system?
Which is NOT a component of the integumentary system?
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Study Notes
Anatomy Exam Review Notes
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Week Review:
- Anatomy is the study of the body's large and small structures
- Physiology is the study of the body's structures and how they work; chemistry and physics of the structures
- Bodies can be arranged into cells, tissues, organs and systems
- The study of anatomy involves human cadavers and requires adhering to legal regulations & ethical guidelines.
Week 1 Review
- Cells: Basic structural and functional unit of organisms
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Tissues: Groups of cells working together with a common function.
- Classification based on function (protection, sensory, secretion, absorption, excretion) -Types include epithelial, muscle, nervous, and connective -Epithelial tissue forms coverings and linings -Muscle tissue has three forms: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac -Nervous tissue has neurons that conduct messages electrically
Week 2 Review
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Anatomical Position: Standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms forward, and feet slightly apart.
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Directional Terms: -Anterior/Ventral (front) -Posterior/Dorsal (back) -Superior/Cranial (above) -Inferior/Caudal (below) -Lateral (side) -Medial (middle) -Proximal (closer to point of attachment) -Distal (farther from point of attachment) -Superficial (closer to surface) -Deep (farther from surface)
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Body Cavities and Regions:
- Body structurally arranged into cavities. The contents of the cavities are vital organs
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Axial and Appendicular Skeleton: Axial skeleton forms the body's central axis. Appendicular skeleton consists of limbs and girdles
- Contains bones for head, neck, chest and back (axial)
- Bones of the limbs and attachments (appendicular)
- bones; pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs
Week 3 Review
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Integumentary System:
- Largest organ in the body.
- Made of 3 parts: Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis
- Components (skin, hair, nails): Homeostatic regulation, sensory input, and protection.
- Epidermis has layers and cell types (keratinocytes, Langerhans cells, melanocytes, Merkel cells).
- Dermis is strongly flexible connective tissue.
- Membranes: Mucous, serous, and synovial membranes surround or line body cavities.
Week 4 Review
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Muscular System: Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles with different functions, locations, and control mechanisms.
- Skeletal muscles are attached to bones and responsible for movement, posture, body temperature regulation, nutrient absorption and excretion.
- Muscle Actions: Prime mover, agonist, antagonist, synergist, and fixator.
Week 5 Review
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Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord, control center for the body.
- Brain Structure: Cerebrum (right and left hemispheres), brain stem, diencephalon, and cerebellum.
- Brain function: sensory, thought, emotional, motor coordination processing
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Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): Protects the brain and spinal cord
- Spinal cord: Two-way communication link between the brain and the rest of the body.
Week 6 Review
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Nervous System: Neurons, nerves, and synapses carry electrical signals throughout the body.
- Cranial nerves and spinal nerves: Sensory and motor communication
- Types of neurons: sensory (afferent) & motor (efferent).
- Autonomic Nervous system: involuntary movements (Sympathetic & Parasympathetic) -The CNS controls and coordinates the entire body
Week 7 Review
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Endocrine System:
- Glands (pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads) secrete hormones for body function regulation
- Hormone types, Functions of hormone secretion and their relationships
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Hypothalamus and Pituitary: Control centers for endocrine function
- Hormone secretion, endocrine control mechanisms, and examples
Week 8 Review
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Cardiovascular System:
- Heart structure and function (chambers, valves, conduction system)
- Blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), blood flow -Blood pressure, stroke volume, and cardiac output
Week 9 Review
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Respiratory System:
- Structure/Function of the respiratory system components (nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli).
- Breathing mechanisms
- Gas transport, and neural control of breathing.
- Circulatory System Components: Blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), blood flow, composition.
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