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Questions and Answers

What is the function of the visceral pericardium?

  • To reduce friction between the layers of the pericardium (correct)
  • To regulate heart rhythm
  • To cover the outer layer of the heart
  • To act as a barrier to pathogens

Which layer of the heart is primarily made of cardiac muscle?

  • Endocardium
  • Pericardium
  • Myocardium (correct)
  • Epicardium

Which valve is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle?

  • Pulmonary semilunar valve
  • Aortic valve
  • Bicuspid valve (correct)
  • Tricuspid valve

What structure helps prevent backflow of blood in the heart?

<p>Chordae tendineae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of great vessels in the heart?

<p>To transport blood to and from the heart (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chamber of the heart discharges oxygenated blood?

<p>Left ventricle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following heart valves is classified as an 'atrioventricular valve'?

<p>Bicuspid valve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which regions of the brain are considered its major components?

<p>Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Brainstem, and Diencephalon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature separates the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum?

<p>The longitudinal fissure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which functions are primarily associated with the left hemisphere of the brain?

<p>Processes involving speech, language, and logic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the corpus callosum?

<p>To provide a connection between the two hemispheres of the brain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the brainstem primarily control?

<p>Heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure of the brain is responsible for processing sensory inputs from the body?

<p>Cerebrum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT typically a function of the right hemisphere?

<p>Mathematical thinking (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What terms are used to describe the grooves and hills on the surface of the cerebrum?

<p>Sulci and gyri (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the pons in the brain?

<p>Coordinating eye movement and pupil diameter (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for maintaining homeostasis and regulating the pituitary gland?

<p>Hypothalamus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the thalamus in the diencephalon?

<p>Processing sensory input to the cerebral cortex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain influences emotional and visceral responses?

<p>Epithalamus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain structure is NOT involved in arousal and sleep-wake cycles?

<p>Medulla (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the midbrain play in sensory processing?

<p>Relay center for visual stimuli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the diencephalon is smaller but involved in the regulation of mood?

<p>Epithalamus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following functions is associated with the medulla?

<p>Controlling autonomic functions such as breathing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of mineralocorticoids?

<p>Regulate how electrolytes are processed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is released during stress and is involved in suppressing inflammation?

<p>Cortisol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of hormones are produced by the adrenal medulla?

<p>Catecholamines (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of norepinephrine on the gastrointestinal (GI) tract?

<p>Decreases GI activity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating sodium levels in the blood?

<p>Aldosterone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do gonadocorticoids produce in the adrenal glands?

<p>Sex hormones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of somatostatin as secreted by delta cells?

<p>Inhibit the release of growth hormone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a classification of hormones produced by the adrenal cortex?

<p>Catecholamines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tissue type is least likely to be found in a structure that conducts electrical signals?

<p>Connective tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines an organ in the human body?

<p>Two or more different tissues working together (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option describes the relationship between systems in the human body?

<p>Most systems have relationships to other systems (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomical position characterized by?

<p>Standing facing forward with arms at the sides (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are directional terms in anatomy based on?

<p>The anatomical position (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cavity contains the organs of the respiratory system?

<p>Thoracic cavity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?

<p>Protecting surfaces and secreting substances (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the appendicular skeleton?

<p>It supports the limbs and girdles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior sections?

<p>Frontal Plane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many bones are in the skull, including associated bones?

<p>22 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the membranes in the body?

<p>Separate compartments and protect organs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which section of the skeleton is responsible for the upper and lower limbs?

<p>Appendicular Skeleton (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many vertebrae are in the vertebral column?

<p>26 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bones are included in the pelvic girdle?

<p>Ilium, Ischium, Pubis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the axial skeleton include?

<p>Skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT a component of the integumentary system?

<p>Bones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Tissues

Groups of similar cells working together to perform a specific function.

Organs

Structures of two or more different tissues working together for a specific function and shape.

Systems

Groups of organs working together to fulfill a particular, specialized job.

Anatomical Position

A standard reference point for describing body parts.

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Anterior

Toward the front of the body, or ventral.

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Body Cavities

Spaces within the body that enclose and protect internal organs.

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Axial Skeleton

Bones of the head, neck, and trunk.

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Appendicular Skeleton

Bones of the limbs and girdles connecting limbs to the axial skeleton.

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Sagittal Plane

A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left halves. A midsagittal plane is a specific sagittal plane that divides the body into equal right and left halves.

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Frontal Plane

A vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.

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Transverse Plane

A horizontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower portions. Commonly known as a cross-section.

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Body Membranes

Protective sheaths that separate compartments in the body, allowing for changes in organ size when organs are working.

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Vertebral Column

The spine. It's part of the axial skeleton and consists of vertebrae.

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Brain regions

The brain is divided into major regions: cerebrum, brainstem, diencephalon, and cerebellum.

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Cerebrum

Largest part of the brain, divided into two hemispheres (left and right).

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Cerebral Hemispheres

The two halves of the cerebrum. Separated by a fissure called the longitudinal.

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Left Hemisphere

Controls the right side of the body and is involved in language, math, and logic processes, speech, and scientific thinking.

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Right Hemisphere

Controls the left side of the body and involved in creativity, music, artistic awareness, and 3D/spatial perception.

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Brainstem

Connects the spinal cord to the rest of the brain, controlling vital functions like heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration.

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Commissures

Bundles of nerves that connect the two brain hemispheres.

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Corpus Callosum

Largest commissure, connecting the left and right cerebral hemispheres.

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Medulla Oblongata function

Processes cranial nerve information.

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Pons function

Relay center for audio/visual reflexes; coordinates eye movement and pupil size. Controls breathing and swallowing.

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Midbrain function

Controls head turning towards stimuli.

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Reticular formation nuclei location

Located in the medulla oblongata.

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Thalamus function

Sensory input passes through; influences mood.

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Epithalamus location

Located in the diencephalon.

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Hypothalamus function

Controls hormones secreted from pituitary. Maintains homeostasis; plays a role in sensations like fear.

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Diencephalon components

Thalamus, epithalamus, and hypothalamus.Located between the brainstem and cerebrum.

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Adrenal Cortex Hormones

The outer part of the adrenal glands produces three types of hormones: mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and gonadocorticoids.

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Mineralocorticoids

Hormones that regulate electrolyte processing, primarily sodium levels in the blood.

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Glucocorticoids

Hormones involved in carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism. They also have anti-inflammatory activity.

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Gonadocorticoids

Hormones that produce sex hormones, like androgens and estrogens.

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Adrenal Medulla Hormones

The inner part of the adrenal glands produces catecholamines like epinephrine and norepinephrine.

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Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

These hormones mimic the action of the sympathetic nervous system, affecting pupils, bronchi, heart rate, and GI tract.

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Cardiovascular System

The system responsible for circulation of blood within the body.

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Heart's Conduction System

A network of specialized tissues responsible for initiating and spreading electrical impulses which causes heart contractions.

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Pericardium

The double-layered sac surrounding the heart, filled with serous fluid to reduce friction during heartbeat.

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Layers of the Heart

The heart wall has three main layers: epicardium (outermost), myocardium (middle, muscular), and endocardium (inner).

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Atria

The two upper chambers of the heart that receive blood.

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Ventricles

The two lower chambers of the heart that pump blood out.

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Heart Valves

Structures that regulate blood flow through the heart, preventing backflow.

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Atrioventricular Valves

Located between the atria and ventricles, these valves control blood flow between the upper and lower chambers.

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Bicuspid Valve

Located between the left atrium and left ventricle, a type of atrioventricular valve.

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Semilunar Valves

Located between the ventricles and the arteries, these valves prevent backflow into the heart.

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Study Notes

Anatomy Exam Review Notes

  • Week Review:
    • Anatomy is the study of the body's large and small structures
    • Physiology is the study of the body's structures and how they work; chemistry and physics of the structures
    • Bodies can be arranged into cells, tissues, organs and systems
    • The study of anatomy involves human cadavers and requires adhering to legal regulations & ethical guidelines.

Week 1 Review

  • Cells: Basic structural and functional unit of organisms
  • Tissues: Groups of cells working together with a common function.
    • Classification based on function (protection, sensory, secretion, absorption, excretion) -Types include epithelial, muscle, nervous, and connective -Epithelial tissue forms coverings and linings -Muscle tissue has three forms: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac -Nervous tissue has neurons that conduct messages electrically

Week 2 Review

  • Anatomical Position: Standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms forward, and feet slightly apart.

  • Directional Terms: -Anterior/Ventral (front) -Posterior/Dorsal (back) -Superior/Cranial (above) -Inferior/Caudal (below) -Lateral (side) -Medial (middle) -Proximal (closer to point of attachment) -Distal (farther from point of attachment) -Superficial (closer to surface) -Deep (farther from surface)

  • Body Cavities and Regions:

    • Body structurally arranged into cavities. The contents of the cavities are vital organs

  • Axial and Appendicular Skeleton: Axial skeleton forms the body's central axis. Appendicular skeleton consists of limbs and girdles

    • Contains bones for head, neck, chest and back (axial)
    • Bones of the limbs and attachments (appendicular)
    • bones; pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs

Week 3 Review

  • Integumentary System:
    • Largest organ in the body.
    • Made of 3 parts: Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis
    • Components (skin, hair, nails): Homeostatic regulation, sensory input, and protection.
    • Epidermis has layers and cell types (keratinocytes, Langerhans cells, melanocytes, Merkel cells).
    • Dermis is strongly flexible connective tissue.
  • Membranes: Mucous, serous, and synovial membranes surround or line body cavities.

Week 4 Review

  • Muscular System: Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles with different functions, locations, and control mechanisms.
    • Skeletal muscles are attached to bones and responsible for movement, posture, body temperature regulation, nutrient absorption and excretion.
  • Muscle Actions: Prime mover, agonist, antagonist, synergist, and fixator.

Week 5 Review

  • Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord, control center for the body.
    • Brain Structure: Cerebrum (right and left hemispheres), brain stem, diencephalon, and cerebellum.
    • Brain function: sensory, thought, emotional, motor coordination processing
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): Protects the brain and spinal cord
    • Spinal cord: Two-way communication link between the brain and the rest of the body.

Week 6 Review

  • Nervous System: Neurons, nerves, and synapses carry electrical signals throughout the body.
    • Cranial nerves and spinal nerves: Sensory and motor communication
    • Types of neurons: sensory (afferent) & motor (efferent).
    • Autonomic Nervous system: involuntary movements (Sympathetic & Parasympathetic) -The CNS controls and coordinates the entire body

Week 7 Review

  • Endocrine System:
    • Glands (pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads) secrete hormones for body function regulation
    • Hormone types, Functions of hormone secretion and their relationships
  • Hypothalamus and Pituitary: Control centers for endocrine function
    • Hormone secretion, endocrine control mechanisms, and examples

Week 8 Review

  • Cardiovascular System:
    • Heart structure and function (chambers, valves, conduction system)
    • Blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), blood flow -Blood pressure, stroke volume, and cardiac output

Week 9 Review

  • Respiratory System:
    • Structure/Function of the respiratory system components (nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli).
    • Breathing mechanisms
    • Gas transport, and neural control of breathing.
  • Circulatory System Components: Blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), blood flow, composition.

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