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Questions and Answers

What is molecular geometry?

Molecular geometry refers to the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms within a molecule.

How does the valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory help in predicting the molecular geometry of a molecule?

VSEPR theory states that to minimize repulsion, each group of the outermost electrons stays away as possible from each other. This results in a five-electron group arrangement.

What are the names of the five basic electron group arrangements, based on the number of electron groups?

  • Linear, Trigonal Planar, Tetrahedral, Trigonal Bipyramidal, Octahedral (correct)
  • Linear, Trigonal Planar, Square Planar, Trigonal Bipyramidal, Octahedral
  • Linear, Trigonal Planar, Tetrahedral, Octahedral, Hexagonal

    • Match the following electron group geometries with the number of electron groups:

    <p>Linear = 2 Trigonal Planar = 3 Tetrahedral = 4 Trigonal Bipyramidal = 5 Octahedral = 6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The bond angles of a molecule, together with the bond lengths, define the ______ and size of the molecule.

    <p>shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The molecular geometry of a molecule is always the same as its electron group geometry.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the molecular geometry of a molecule with two electron groups, two bonded atoms, and zero lone pairs?

    <p>Linear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the bond angle in a molecule with three electron groups, three bonded atoms, and zero lone pairs?

    <p>120°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the molecular geometry of a molecule with four electron groups, three bonded atoms, and one lone pair?

    <p>Trigonal pyramidal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the molecular geometry of a molecule with four electron groups, two bonded atoms, and two lone pairs?

    <p>Bent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the molecular geometry of a molecule with five electron groups, five bonded atoms, and zero lone pairs?

    <p>Trigonal bipyramidal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the molecular geometry of a molecule with five electron groups, four bonded atoms, and one lone pair?

    <p>Seesaw</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the molecular geometry of a molecule with five electron groups, three bonded atoms, and two lone pairs?

    <p>T-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A molecule with five electron groups, two bonded atoms, and three lone pairs has a linear molecular geometry.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the molecular geometry of a molecule with six electron groups, six bonded atoms, and zero lone pairs?

    <p>Octahedral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the molecular geometry of a molecule with six electron groups, five bonded atoms, and one lone pair?

    <p>Square pyramidal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A molecule with six electron groups, four bonded atoms, and two lone pairs has a square planar molecular geometry.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many electron groups are present in the molecule BeCl2?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molecular geometry of BeCl2?

    <p>Linear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the bond angle in BeCl2?

    <p>180°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many electron groups are present in the molecule BCl3?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molecular geometry of BCl3?

    <p>Trigonal Planar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the bond angle in BCl3?

    <p>120°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many electron groups are present in the molecule SO2?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the electron group geometry of SO2?

    <p>Trigonal planar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molecular geometry of SO2?

    <p>Bent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the bond angle in SO2?

    <p>&lt;120°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the electron group geometry of the first carbon atom in acetone (CH3COCH3)?

    <p>Tetrahedral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molecular geometry of the first carbon atom in acetone (CH3COCH3)?

    <p>Tetrahedral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the bond angle of the first carbon atom in acetone (CH3COCH3)?

    <p>109.5°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the electron group geometry of the second carbon atom in acetone (CH3COCH3)?

    <p>Trigonal Planar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molecular geometry of the second carbon atom in acetone (CH3COCH3)?

    <p>Trigonal planar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the bond angle of the second carbon atom in acetone (CH3COCH3)?

    <p>120°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the electron group geometry of the third carbon atom in acetone (CH3COCH3)?

    <p>Tetrahedral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molecular geometry of the third carbon atom in acetone (CH3COCH3)?

    <p>Tetrahedral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the bond angle of the third carbon atom in acetone (CH3COCH3)?

    <p>109.5°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many electron groups are present in the molecule HCN?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molecular geometry of HCN?

    <p>Linear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the bond angle in HCN?

    <p>180°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many electron groups are present in the molecule NCl3?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the electron group geometry of NCl3?

    <p>Tetrahedral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molecular geometry of NCl3?

    <p>Trigonal pyramidal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the bond angle in NCl3?

    <p>109.5°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the electron group geometry of CH4?

    <p>Tetrahedral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molecular geometry of CH4?

    <p>Tetrahedral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the bond angle in CH4?

    <p>109.5°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many electron groups are present in the molecule PCl5?

    <p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the electron group geometry of PCl5?

    <p>Trigonal bipyramidal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molecular geometry of PCl5?

    <p>Trigonal bipyramidal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the bond angle in PCl5?

    <p>90° and 120°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does electronegativity refer to?

    <p>The ability of an atom to draw or attract the electrons of other atoms towards itself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of covalent bonds?

    <p>Polar and Nonpolar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a nonpolar covalent bond, the shared electrons are more attracted to the more electronegative atom.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is a dipole represented in chemical bonding?

    <p>An arrow (→) is used to represent dipole where the arrow head is pointed towards the more electronegative atom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the electronegativity difference range for a nonpolar covalent bond?

    <p>ΔEN ≤ 0.4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the electronegativity difference range for a polar covalent bond?

    <p>1.8 &gt; ΔEN &gt; 0.4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An ionic bond is formed when the difference in electronegativity between two atoms is 1.8 or greater.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is formed between calcium and chlorine in CaCl2?

    <p>Ionic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is formed between carbon and sulfur in CS2?

    <p>Nonpolar covalent bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is formed between hydrogen and chlorine in HCl?

    <p>Polar covalent bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is formed between carbon and oxygen in CO?

    <p>Polar covalent bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is formed between hydrogen and hydrogen in H2?

    <p>Nonpolar covalent bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is formed between bromine and chlorine in BrCl3?

    <p>Nonpolar covalent bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is formed between hydrogen and bromine in HBr?

    <p>Polar covalent bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is formed between arsenic and chlorine in AsCl5?

    <p>Polar covalent bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is formed between phosphorus and bromine in PBr5?

    <p>Polar covalent bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Molecular Geometry

    • Molecular geometry describes the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule.
    • It is defined by bond angles (angles between atoms) and bond lengths.

    Learning Competencies

    • Describe the geometry of simple compounds (STEM_GC11CB-IId-g-81).
    • Determine the polarity of simple molecules (STEM_GC11CB-IId-g-82).

    Specific Learning Objectives

    • Apply Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory to predict molecular geometry.
    • Determine if a bond is ionic, nonpolar, or polar covalent based on electronegativity difference.
    • Predict molecular polarity.

    VSEPR Theory

    • VSEPR theory explains that electron groups (bonded atoms and lone pairs) repel each other, causing them to arrange themselves as far apart as possible.
    • This leads to specific electron group arrangements and molecular shapes.

    Five Basic Electron Group Arrangements

    • 2 groups: Linear
    • 3 groups: Trigonal planar
    • 4 groups: Tetrahedral
    • 5 groups: Trigonal bipyramidal
    • 6 groups: Octahedral

    Molecular Shapes

    • A table presents different molecular shapes based on the number of bonded atoms and lone electron pairs around a central atom.
      • Includes bond angles and example molecules (e.g., CO₂, BF₃, CH₄, NH₃, H₂O).

    Predicting Molecular Geometry (Example: BeCl₂)

    • BeCl₂:
      • Draw the Lewis structure.
      • Count electron groups around the central atom (Be).
      • Count the number of bonded pairs.
      • Count the number of lone pairs.
      • Determine the electron group geometry and the molecular shape based on the number of electron groups and lone pairs.
      • Predict the bond angle. (180°)

    Predicting Molecular Geometry (Example: BCl₃)

    • BCl₃:
      • Draw the Lewis structure.
      • Count electron groups around the central atom (B).
      • Count the number of bonded pairs.
      • Count the number of lone pairs.
      • Determine the electron group geometry and the molecular shape based on the number of electron groups and lone pairs.
      • Predict the bond angle (120°).

    Predicting Molecular Geometry (Example: SO₂)

    • SO₂:
      • Draw the Lewis structure.
      • Count electron groups around the central atom (S).
      • Count the number of bonded pairs.
      • Count the number of lone pairs.
      • Determine the electron group geometry and molecular shape based on the number of electron groups and lone pairs.
      • Predict the bond angle (<120°).

    Predicting Molecular Geometry (Example: Acetone)

    • Predict the molecular geometry for each carbon atom in acetone using the concepts of electron groups, bond pairs and lone pairs.
    • Explain how to determine geometry for each carbon atom.

    Bond Polarity

    • Covalent bonds can be classified as nonpolar or polar, depending on the electronegativity difference between the atoms.
    • Electronegativity is an atom's ability to attract shared electrons.
    • Polar covalent bonds result in partial charges (δ+ and δ-) due to unequal electron sharing.
    • Nonpolar covalent bonds exhibit equal sharing of electrons.

    Electronegativity Difference and Bond Type

    • A table shows how electronegativity differences relate to bond types (ionic, polar covalent, nonpolar covalent).
      • Ionic bonds: Electronegativity difference ≥ 1.8
      • Polar covalent bonds: Electronegativity difference > 0.4 but < 1.8
      • Nonpolar covalent bonds: Electronegativity difference ≤ 0.4

    Activity 2

    • Calculations to determine whether a bond is nonpolar or polar covalent based on electronegativity differences.
    • Examples of bond types in various molecules (e.g., H-H, Br-Cl, H-Br, As-Cl, P-Br).

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