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Questions and Answers
What distinguishes philosophical problems from scientific problems?
What distinguishes philosophical problems from scientific problems?
What is the ultimate goal of life according to Gautama Buddha?
What is the ultimate goal of life according to Gautama Buddha?
Which philosophy is Adi Shankara known for?
Which philosophy is Adi Shankara known for?
What did Swami Vivekananda emphasize in his teachings?
What did Swami Vivekananda emphasize in his teachings?
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What aspect of humanity did Rabindranath Tagore's philosophy emphasize?
What aspect of humanity did Rabindranath Tagore's philosophy emphasize?
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What did Jiddu Krishnamurti reject in his teachings?
What did Jiddu Krishnamurti reject in his teachings?
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What does the term 'logic' primarily refer to?
What does the term 'logic' primarily refer to?
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What is the foundation of a logical argument?
What is the foundation of a logical argument?
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What does Plato's Allegory of the Cave primarily illustrate?
What does Plato's Allegory of the Cave primarily illustrate?
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According to Thomas Aquinas, how should technology be evaluated?
According to Thomas Aquinas, how should technology be evaluated?
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What was Francis Bacon's view on technology?
What was Francis Bacon's view on technology?
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How did Rene Descartes influence technological thought?
How did Rene Descartes influence technological thought?
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What was Karl Marx's critique related to technology?
What was Karl Marx's critique related to technology?
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What concern did Plato express about technology's effects on humanity?
What concern did Plato express about technology's effects on humanity?
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What aspect of the relationship between science and technology did Francis Bacon emphasize?
What aspect of the relationship between science and technology did Francis Bacon emphasize?
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What aspect of Aquinas' philosophy is vital for assessing technology?
What aspect of Aquinas' philosophy is vital for assessing technology?
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Which school of Indian philosophy focuses on practical methods for direct experience?
Which school of Indian philosophy focuses on practical methods for direct experience?
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What concept is primarily associated with the school of philosophy known as Sankhya?
What concept is primarily associated with the school of philosophy known as Sankhya?
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Which school of Indian philosophy is characterized by a focus on ethical living and health as aspects of a meaningful life?
Which school of Indian philosophy is characterized by a focus on ethical living and health as aspects of a meaningful life?
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Which theory relates to the concept of capturing electrical coronal discharges?
Which theory relates to the concept of capturing electrical coronal discharges?
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Which branch of philosophy is primarily concerned with reasoning?
Which branch of philosophy is primarily concerned with reasoning?
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What is the primary philosophical position of Vedanta regarding the body?
What is the primary philosophical position of Vedanta regarding the body?
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Which of the following heterodox schools of thought rejects the concepts of soul and rebirth?
Which of the following heterodox schools of thought rejects the concepts of soul and rebirth?
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How does modern science approach questions about life compared to traditional philosophies?
How does modern science approach questions about life compared to traditional philosophies?
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What is the term used for the subtle element that leaves the human body at death?
What is the term used for the subtle element that leaves the human body at death?
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Which philosophy is noted for explaining the creation of the world with logic?
Which philosophy is noted for explaining the creation of the world with logic?
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How does modern science relate to the theory of evolution?
How does modern science relate to the theory of evolution?
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What does the Big Bang theory propose about the origins of the universe?
What does the Big Bang theory propose about the origins of the universe?
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In the context of Vedic literature, how many different species of living beings does the Visnu Puran describe before human birth?
In the context of Vedic literature, how many different species of living beings does the Visnu Puran describe before human birth?
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According to the Sankhya system, what is the nature of the subtle body?
According to the Sankhya system, what is the nature of the subtle body?
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What was a significant contribution of Georges Lemaitre in understanding the universe?
What was a significant contribution of Georges Lemaitre in understanding the universe?
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According to the philosophy discussed, what is considered more essential for the creation of the world than divine agency?
According to the philosophy discussed, what is considered more essential for the creation of the world than divine agency?
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What was the main outcome of the split between the Sthaviravadins and Mahasangikas?
What was the main outcome of the split between the Sthaviravadins and Mahasangikas?
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Which text was compiled during the third Buddhist Council?
Which text was compiled during the third Buddhist Council?
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What is the main focus of the Hinayana tradition?
What is the main focus of the Hinayana tradition?
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What distinguishes the bodhisattva concept in Mahayana Buddhism?
What distinguishes the bodhisattva concept in Mahayana Buddhism?
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Which factor is key to Vajrayana Buddhism?
Which factor is key to Vajrayana Buddhism?
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Which regions did Hinayana Buddhism predominantly influence?
Which regions did Hinayana Buddhism predominantly influence?
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How did the Mahayana view suffering compared to Hinayana?
How did the Mahayana view suffering compared to Hinayana?
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What led to the development of Mahayanism after the fourth Buddhist Council?
What led to the development of Mahayanism after the fourth Buddhist Council?
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Study Notes
Characteristics of Philosophical Problems
- Philosophical problems address general and universal questions, unlike scientific problems which focus on specific inquiries.
- Examples of philosophical questions include: What is knowledge? What is the purpose of life? Is there a God?
Prominent Indian Philosophers
- Gautama Buddha: Founder of Buddhism, taught that life’s ultimate goal is enlightenment through ethical conduct, meditation, and mindfulness.
- Adi Shankara: 9th-century philosopher who revitalized Hinduism and advocated for Advaita Vedanta, asserting Brahman as the ultimate reality.
- Swami Vivekananda: 19th-century spiritual leader known for promoting Indian philosophy in the West and emphasizing self-realization and religious unity.
- Rabindranath Tagore: Nobel laureate and philosopher who highlighted the harmony between humanity and nature, and the importance of spiritual values.
- Jiddu Krishnamurti: 20th-century philosopher who rejected authority and emphasized self-awareness and critical thinking as paths to spiritual freedom.
Indian Philosophy - Six Schools
- Yoga (Patanjali): Method for direct experiential knowledge.
- Sankhya (Kapila): Framework for understanding the nature of reality.
- Vedanta (Veda Vyasa): Focus on contemplative self-inquiry.
- Vasisheshika (Kanada): Concerned with physical sciences and categorization of substances.
- Naya (Gautama): Emphasizes the role of reasoning in understanding reality.
- Mimasa (Jaimini): Advocates for freedom through action and ritual.
Philosophy and Science in India
- Philosophy and modern science both explore fundamental questions about life, existence, and the universe.
- Caraka outlines a meaningful life in terms of ethical living and health, relating it to the concept of Ayurveda.
The Kirlian Effect
- Kirlian photography captures electrical coronal discharges, suggesting a subtle body associated with living and non-living entities.
- Corresponds with the philosophical views of soul immortality and rebirth, which modern science still debates.
Evolution Theory
- Darwin’s theory posits that all life evolved from primitive forms, complemented by the Visnu Puran’s assertion of human evolution from myriad forms.
- Highlights similarities between modern scientific theories and ancient philosophical accounts of creation.
Big Bang Theory
- Proposed by Georges Lemaitre in 1927, asserts that all matter and energy in the universe originated from a singularity approximately 13.8 billion years ago.
- Philosophy of Kapila analyzes the universe's emergence, attributing creation to nature rather than divine intervention.
Philosophy and Technology
- Plato: Utilized the Allegory of the Cave to discuss illusion and reality's perception, indicating concerns about technology's impact on humanity.
- Thomas Aquinas: Evaluated technology's morality based on alignment with natural law and its role in human well-being.
- Francis Bacon: Advocated for technology’s role in enhancing knowledge and societal benefits, stating it should foster progress and understanding of nature.
- Rene Descartes: Promoted critical thinking and experimentation as essential elements in technological advancement.
Buddhist Councils
- The Third Council at Pataliputra compiled doctrinal interpretations into the Abhidhamma Pitaka.
- The Fourth Council led to the schism between Hinayana and Mahayana traditions, influencing subsequent Buddhist practices.
Hinayana vs. Mahayana Buddhism
- Hinayana: Focuses on individual salvation and the teachings of Buddha, prevalent in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia.
- Mahayana: Advocates for the Bodhisattva ideal, where enlightened beings delay Nirvana to assist all sentient beings, dominant in India and beyond.
- The Vajrayana represents a later stage emphasizing yoga and mystical practices, flourishing in northern India and Tibet.
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