Behavioral Aspect part 1

Feedback and Behavioral Programs

• Immediate feedback fosters improvement; timing should consider practice versus competition.
• Emphasize personal responsibility for behaviors, ensuring clarity and suitability of the feedback.
• Effective behavioral programs require specific, frequent measurements to track performance.
• Distinguish between creating new behaviors and maintaining existing ones; focus on self-improvement against previous records.
• Coaches must monitor performance accurately to enhance accountability.

Plan of Action for Behavior Management

• Clearly define target behaviors and communicate them effectively.
• Keep detailed records of behaviors for evaluation.
• Provide meaningful feedback to motivate improvement.
• Outline desired outcomes explicitly.
• Individualize reward systems to cater to diverse participant needs.

Motivation and Rewards

• Cognitive Evaluation Theory suggests that extrinsic rewards may reduce intrinsic enjoyment of an activity.
• Controlling rewards risk manipulating behavior, leading to resentment among participants.
• Rewards should enhance intrinsic motivation by being perceived as informational rather than controlling.
• Scholarship athletes may experience reduced intrinsic motivation compared to non-scholarship athletes.

Arousal and Anxiety

• Arousal is a mental and physical activation that can influence performance but can lead to negative states when excessive.
• State anxiety refers to the immediate feelings of nervousness and worry during a specific task.
• Somatic and cognitive state anxiety can affect physical responses and mental peace, respectively.
• Trait anxiety indicates a person's overall disposition towards anxiety in various situations.

Understanding Stress

• Stress arises from a perceived imbalance between actual feelings and expected feelings.
• Stages of stress:
  • Environmental demand creates psychological or physical imposition.
  • Individual perception of stress varies based on personal traits like trait anxiety.
  • Physical and psychological responses to stress include measurable and non-measurable effects.
  • Behavioral consequences can provide feedback on stress management effectiveness.

Sources of Stress and Anxiety

• Situational sources of stress arise from the importance of events and uncertainty.
• Personal factors such as trait anxiety, self-esteem, and social physique anxiety significantly influence stress levels.
• Individuals with high trait anxiety or low self-esteem experience heightened anxiety and stress reactions.

Arousal, Anxiety, and Performance Theories

• Drive Theory posits that performance increases with arousal but fails to accommodate optimal arousal levels.
• The Inverted U Hypothesis suggests both under-arousal and over-arousal lead to poor performance.
• Individualized Zones of Optimal Functioning highlight the importance of personal arousal levels for peak performance.
• Multidimensional Anxiety Theory indicates that cognitive anxiety negatively affects performance outcomes.

Building Motivation

• Recognize both situational and individual traits to enhance motivation.
• Identify diverse motives for participation in physical activity, including competing and social motives.
• Create environments that promote competition and recreation, adjusting based on group dynamics.
• Employ strategies like positive reinforcement and constructive criticism to influence motivation effectively.

Achievement Motivation and Competitiveness

• Achievement motivation focuses on mastery and personal pride in performance.
• Competitiveness involves the desire for satisfaction through comparison with others.
• Need Achievement Theory explores motivations for success versus fear of failure.

Theories on Attribution

• Attribution Theory analyzes causes of success or failure based on talent, effort, strategies, and controllability.
• Understanding attributions can enhance motivation by influencing future goal-setting and performance beliefs.

Goal Orientation Frameworks

• Achievement Goal Theory differentiates between outcome-focused and process-focused motivations.
• Social goal orientation emphasizes group affiliation and recognition as key motivational factors.
• Understanding the contrast between entity (fixed) and incremental (growth-oriented) perspectives can guide motivational strategies.

Developmental Stages of Motivation

• The Autonomous Competence Stage involves early mastery of skills and self-reliance.
• In the Social Comparison Stage, individuals focus on comparing themselves to others.
• The Integrated Stage achieves a balance between self-comparison and competition with others.
• Influences from parents, coaches, and peers play a crucial role in shaping motivational development.