20th & 21st Century Music Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What was the purpose of headphones during the 20th century?

Headphones allowed people sitting next to each other to listen to entirely different performances or share the same performance.

Name some of the influences of twentieth century music.

New freedom and wide experimentation with new musical styles, forms that challenged the accepted rules of previous periods, the invention of electric instruments and the synthesizer, amplification.

Who were the first Modernists?

Béla Bartók, Igor Stravinsky, and Charles Ives.

Who were some of the composers who combined classical and jazz idioms?

Milhaud, Gershwin. Signup and view all the answers

Who were the composers who expanded the classical palette to include more dissonant elements?

Shostakovich, Prokofiev, Hindemith, Boulez, Villa-Lobos. Signup and view all the answers

Who were the composers who collected folk songs and used folk themes in many of their major compositions?

Ralph Vaughan Williams, Aaron Copland. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Steve Reich?

He created music by manipulating tape recordings of people speaking, and later composed process music for traditional instruments based on such recordings. Signup and view all the answers

Define Minimalism.

A simplification of musical themes and development with motifs which are repeated over and over. Signup and view all the answers

Define contemporary music.

Any music being written in the present day. Signup and view all the answers

Define 21st Century Classical Music.

Art music in the contemporary classical tradition that has been produced since the year 2000. Signup and view all the answers

What are important influences of 21st century music?

Rock, pop, jazz, and dance traditions associated with these genres. Signup and view all the answers

How is 21st century classical music defined?

It is defined entirely by the calendar and does not refer to a historical style period in music. Signup and view all the answers

What do musicologists say about the contemporary music period?

A term which covers art music written from around 1975 or 1945, depending on the historian's perspective. Signup and view all the answers

Who describes the comparison of artificial computer language and natural language as being very instructive?

Walter J. Ong. Signup and view all the answers

What does Richard Taruskin say about serial music?

Serial music conveys little, because for all its vaunted complexity, it is shallow, all surface, with no underlying, unconscious and innate deep structure. Signup and view all the answers

Who developed the dodecaphonic (twelve-tone) system and serialism?

Schoenberg and the Second Viennese School. Signup and view all the answers

Who experimented with performance art?

La Monte Young. Signup and view all the answers

Which two composers developed minimalism?

Reich and Glass. Signup and view all the answers

Who refers to the tonal arts as a 'fluctuating stasis'?

Leonard B. Meyer. Signup and view all the answers

Name a few of the musical styles in 21st century music.

Minimalism, Post Minimalism, New Complexity, and New Simplicity. Signup and view all the answers

What musical scores is Tan Dun known for?

"Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon" and "Hero". Signup and view all the answers

Define Folk Music.

Music by and of the people. Signup and view all the answers

Who is the composer of "The Enchanted Island"?

Jeremy Sam. Signup and view all the answers

Name a few of the composers involved with 21st century opera.

John Adams, George Benjamin, Osvaldo Golijov, Cristóbal Halffter, James MacMillan, Einojuhani Rautavaara, Kaija Saariaho, Karlheinz Stockhausen, and Judith Weir. Signup and view all the answers

Name a folk music composer.

Aaron Copland, Paul Simon. Signup and view all the answers

Define Popular Music.

Music belonging to any of a number of musical styles that are broadly popular or intended for consumption and propagated over the radio and similar media. Signup and view all the answers

Define Chamber Opera.

A designation for operas written to be performed with a chamber ensemble rather than a full orchestra. Signup and view all the answers

List some orchestral works of the 21st century.

Johnathan Harvey's "Body Mandala" (2006) and "Speakings" (2008), Anna Clyne's "Night Ferry," Elliot Carter's "Three Illusions for Orchestra," Christopher Theofanidis' "Rainbow Body," Peter Maxwell Davies's "Eighth" (2001), "Ninth" (2012), and "Tenth" (2013) Symphonies, and Per Nørgård's "Seventh" (2006) and "Eighth" (2010). Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Headphones in the 20th Century

Headphones enabled individuals to experience different music simultaneously without disturbing others.

Influences on Twentieth Century Music

Music saw new freedoms and experimentation, challenging traditional forms.
Electric instruments and synthesizers transformed musical creation and performance.
Amplification broadened sound possibilities in music.

Early Modernist Composers

Notable figures include Béla Bartók, Igor Stravinsky, and Charles Ives, recognized for their innovative compositions.

Classical and Jazz Fusion Composers

Darius Milhaud and George Gershwin blended classical styles with jazz elements in their works.

Composers Emphasizing Dissonance

Dmitri Shostakovich, Sergei Prokofiev, Paul Hindemith, Pierre Boulez, and Heitor Villa-Lobos incorporated dissonant elements into classical music.

Folk Song Collectors

Ralph Vaughan Williams and Aaron Copland integrated folk themes into major compositions, celebrating cultural heritage.

Steve Reich's Contributions

Known for manipulating tape recordings of spoken word, evolving into process music written for traditional instruments.

Definition of Minimalism

Characterized by repetitive motifs and simplified musical themes, focusing on the essence of sound.

Contemporary Music Definition

Encompasses all music created in the current era.

21st Century Classical Music

Defined as art music in the contemporary classical tradition post-2000, distinct from historical styles.

Influences on 21st Century Music

Diverse trends from rock, pop, jazz, and dance genres significantly shape modern compositions.

Contemporary Music Period

Musicologists identify the contemporary music period as starting around 1945 or 1975, varying by perspective.

Walter J. Ong's Insights

Highlights the instructive comparison between artificial computer language and natural language.

Richard Taruskin's Perspective

Critiques serial music as shallow and lacking deeper structure, despite its complexity.

Dodecaphonic and Serialism Innovators

Arnold Schoenberg and the Second Viennese School pioneered the twelve-tone system and serialism.

Performance Art Experimentation

La Monte Young was known for his innovative approaches to performance art.

Minimalism Developers

Steve Reich and Philip Glass significantly contributed to the establishment of minimalism in music.

Leonard B. Meyer on Tonal Arts

Describes tonal arts as a "fluctuating stasis" where diverse musical styles coexist in complexity.

Musical Styles in 21st Century Music

Includes movements like Minimalism, Post-Minimalism, New Complexity, and New Simplicity.

Tan Dun's Notable Scores

Acclaimed for film compositions such as "Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon" and "Hero."

Folk Music Definition

Represents music created by and for the people, often rooted in cultural traditions.

Jeremy Sam's Contribution

Wrote the opera "The Enchanted Island," showcasing contemporary operatic themes.

Composers in 21st Century Opera

John Adams, George Benjamin, Osvaldo Golijov, and others have been pivotal in modern operatic works.

Folk Music Composers

Celebrated figures include Aaron Copland and Paul Simon, known for their contributions to folk traditions.

Popular Music Definition

Encompasses widely popular musical styles intended for mass consumption, often disseminated via radio.

Chamber Opera Definition

Refers to operas meant for performance by a smaller ensemble instead of a full orchestra.

Orchestral Works of the 21st Century

Significant pieces include Johnathan Harvey's "Body Mandala" and Anna Clyne's "Night Ferry," showcasing evolving orchestral music.

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Description

Explore the evolution of music in the 20th and 21st centuries with these informative flashcards. Learn about the role of headphones, influences on music, and the experimentation that defined this era. Perfect for music enthusiasts and students alike.