18 Questions
What was the finding of Warneken et al. (2007) regarding whether chimps help a human stranger retrieve a stolen tool?
YES
According to Yamamoto et al. (2009; 2012), what is needed to elicit helping behavior from a chimp towards another chimp in need of a tool?
Cues from the recipient
What did Engelmann et al. (2019) find regarding chimps helping their friends versus neutral partners?
Chimps helped their friends more than neutral partners.
Define reciprocal altruism and briefly explain the two different proximate mechanisms associated with it.
Reciprocal altruism is altruistic behavior between unrelated individuals.
What is an example of past-driven/attitudinal reciprocity in the context of reciprocal altruism?
Partner-specific memory
Provide an example of past-driven reciprocity observed in chimpanzees according to Melis et al.
Exchange of different favors in the same and different currencies
What is the main difference in behavior observed between 18-month-old children and 25-month-old children in the study?
18-month-old children choose randomly while 25-month-old children choose the mutualistic option when the recipient verbalizes her desire for the food.
In the study by Fehr et al. (2008), what verbal cue influenced the 25-month-old children to choose the mutualistic option?
Verbalizing her desire for the food ('I like crackers') influenced the 25-month-old children to choose the mutualistic option.
At what age do children start showing instrumental helping behaviors according to Warneken & Tomasello (2006)?
From 2 years of age, children start showing instrumental helping behaviors.
What conclusion was drawn from the study by Melis et al. (2011) regarding selfish control?
Subjects pulled the accessible table in all conditions at similar high levels, suggesting they are indifferent to others' welfare.
What are some of the problems highlighted with prosocial task studies as mentioned by Tan et al. (2015)?
Many studies lack apparatus understanding controls and show carry-over effects to the control condition.
What is one of the main challenges associated with prosocial task studies according to Burkart & Rueth (2013)?
High cognitive/attentional demands are a challenge in prosocial task studies.
What is one example of instrumental helping behavior observed in chimpanzees?
Helping conspecifics obtain tools
At what age do children start to choose prosocially when partners explicitly express their desires?
2 years
What do overt signals of need elicit in chimpanzees, different from children?
Reactive helping
What does evidence suggest about the altruistic behavior of chimpanzees towards friends and non-friends?
Chimpanzees help more friends than non-friends
What type of helping behavior did chimpanzees exhibit in the Leipzig Zoo tasks?
Helping in 'out-of-reach tasks' only
What may be necessary to elicit instrumental helping in chimpanzees according to the text?
Overt signals of need
Explore a study by Fehr et al. (2009) on children's social cognition and decision-making abilities at different ages. The study examines how children's behavior shifts from mutualistic to selfish tendencies as they grow older, based on verbal cues and social interactions.
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