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Questions and Answers
What was the 'tributo' during Spanish colonization in the Philippines?
What was the 'tributo' during Spanish colonization in the Philippines?
What is the primary function of a political caricature?
What is the primary function of a political caricature?
What was the main administrative role of the local elites during Spanish colonization?
What was the main administrative role of the local elites during Spanish colonization?
Who is known as the 'Grand Old Man of Philippine Art'?
Who is known as the 'Grand Old Man of Philippine Art'?
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What did the 'Cry of Bahay Toro' symbolize during the Philippine Revolution?
What did the 'Cry of Bahay Toro' symbolize during the Philippine Revolution?
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When did the Catholic Church become the dominant institution in the Philippines?
When did the Catholic Church become the dominant institution in the Philippines?
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What economic impact did Spanish colonization have on the Philippines?
What economic impact did Spanish colonization have on the Philippines?
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How was the Philippines governed after Mexico's independence in 1821?
How was the Philippines governed after Mexico's independence in 1821?
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Who is the prolific Spanish historian known for his work on the Cavite Mutiny?
Who is the prolific Spanish historian known for his work on the Cavite Mutiny?
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What was one of the long-term effects of resistance to Spanish colonial taxation policies?
What was one of the long-term effects of resistance to Spanish colonial taxation policies?
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What role did the 'principales' have in the Spanish colonial government?
What role did the 'principales' have in the Spanish colonial government?
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How did Spanish rule impact the political power of native Filipinos?
How did Spanish rule impact the political power of native Filipinos?
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What was the Spanish colonial taxation system's economic impact on the Filipino population?
What was the Spanish colonial taxation system's economic impact on the Filipino population?
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What did the dowry typically consist of?
What did the dowry typically consist of?
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What event is surrounded by historical debate regarding its early acts of defiance against Spanish rule?
What event is surrounded by historical debate regarding its early acts of defiance against Spanish rule?
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What is the basic social and political unit of pre-Hispanic Filipino society?
What is the basic social and political unit of pre-Hispanic Filipino society?
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What method of criticism examines how texts were edited?
What method of criticism examines how texts were edited?
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Which type of written source provides the most objective perspective on official policies and actions?
Which type of written source provides the most objective perspective on official policies and actions?
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Who was responsible for the order to pay taxes to the soldiers?
Who was responsible for the order to pay taxes to the soldiers?
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What was the primary goal of Ferdinand Magellan's expedition?
What was the primary goal of Ferdinand Magellan's expedition?
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During which historical periods did Fernando Amorsolo create his notable artworks?
During which historical periods did Fernando Amorsolo create his notable artworks?
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What is not a common theme in Juan Luna's paintings?
What is not a common theme in Juan Luna's paintings?
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What key challenge do historians face due to the subjectivity of interpretation?
What key challenge do historians face due to the subjectivity of interpretation?
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How did the Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade affect the Filipino population?
How did the Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade affect the Filipino population?
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Study Notes
Historiography
- Historiography is the study of how history is written and interpreted.
- It is important for historians to be critical of the sources they use and to understand the context in which historical events occurred.
Spanish Colonial Period
- Jose Montero y Vidal was a prolific Spanish historian who wrote about the Cavite Mutiny.
- The Cavite Mutiny occurred on January 20, 1872, at a military arsenal in Cavite.
- The head of the colonial government in the Philippines was the Governor-General.
- Spanish colonial taxes were a major source of resentment among Filipinos and contributed to the rise of Filipino nationalism.
- Native leaders called "principales" played a role in local administration under Spanish rule.
- The Spanish dismantled the traditional barangay system, which reduced the political power of native Filipinos.
- Spanish colonial taxes, such as the tributo, bandala, and polo y servicio, burdened the Filipino population economically.
- There is historical debate about the Cry of Bahay Toro, which was an early act of defiance against Spanish rule.
- Archaeological evidence, such as prehistoric settlements and artifacts, provides clues about the past.
Ferdinand Magellan's Expedition
- The primary goal of Ferdinand Magellan's expedition was to discover a westward route to the Spice Islands.
Juan Luna's Art
- Juan Luna's paintings often illustrated literary and historical scenes with political commentary.
Marriage Customs in Pre-Colonial Philippines
- Dowries, called "bigay-kaya," were given by the groom to the bride's family as a symbol of his commitment and ability to provide for his wife.
Historical Sources
- Government documents provide the most objective perspective on official policies and actions.
- Oral history involves interviewing individuals with personal experience of historically significant events.
Meaning of History
- History is the study of the past.
- The word "historia" comes from Greek and means "knowledge acquired through inquiry or investigation."
Historical Criticism
- Redaction criticism examines how texts were edited.
Challenges in Historical Research
- Bias and differing perspectives can influence the interpretation of historical events.
- Historical records are often incomplete and subject to distortion.
Fernando Amorsolo
- Fernando Amorsolo was a Filipino painter who created his notable artworks during the 19th and 20th centuries.
- He is often referred to as the "Grand Old Man of Philippine Art."
Internal Criticism
- Internal criticism involves assessing the historicity or reliability of the information contained in a document.
Cavite Mutiny
- The Cavite Mutiny was an uprising of Filipino troops and workers at a military arsenal in Cavite on January 20, 1872.
- Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora were accused of being the masterminds of the mutiny.
Cry of Bahay Toro
- The Cry of Bahay Toro marked the rejection of Spanish authority by Filipino revolutionaries during the Philippine Revolution of 1896.
Catholic Church in the Philippines
- The Catholic Church became the dominant institution in the Philippines under Spanish rule from 1565 to 1898.
Political Consequences of Spanish Colonial Tax System
- The Spanish colonial tax system had significant political consequences, contributing to the rise of Filipino nationalism and the Philippine Revolution.
Philippines After Mexican Independence
- After Mexico's independence in 1821, the Philippines was ruled directly by Spain.
Manila as Capital of the Philippines
- Manila was declared the capital of the Philippines in 1595.
Economic Impacts of Spanish Colonization
- Tobacco was one of the main economic impacts of Spanish colonization on the Philippines.
Acquisition of Land by Monastic Orders
- Monastic orders acquired large tracts of land during Spanish colonization, often through grants from the Spanish government.
- The orders leveraged their influence and control over local resources to expand their landholdings.
Pre-Colonial Filipino Society
- The barangay was the basic social and political unit of pre-Hispanic Filipino society.
- Pre-colonial Filipinos practiced decentralized governance with local authorities called datus.
Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
- Miguel Lopez de Legazpi established the first Spanish settlement in Cebu.
Tributo
- The "tributo" was a general tax paid by Filipinos to Spain during the colonial period.
Political Caricature
- Political caricature is a form of visual commentary that uses satire and metaphor to address real and current events.
The Practice of Historical Writing
- Historiography is the practice of historical writing.
Pre-Colonial Filipino Practices
- Pre-colonial Filipinos practiced decentralized governance through barangays led by datus.
- During the Spanish colonial period, the political structure became centralized under Spanish authority.
- Local elites called the principalia played administrative roles.
Masterpieces of Juan Luna
- Some of Juan Luna's masterpieces include Spoliarium, La Muerte de Cleopatra, The Battle of Lepanto, and The Parisian Life.
Fernando Amorsolo
- Fernando Amorsolo is referred to as the "Grand Old Man of Philippine Art".
Friars and Local Government
- Friars had a command of local languages, which made them invaluable sources of information for the colonial government.
- They had significant influence over local government due to their knowledge and access to local communities.
Governor General Rafael de Izquierdo
- Governor General Rafael de Izquierdo ordered soldiers to collect taxes.
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