Untitled Quiz

Historiography

• Historiography is the study of how history is written and interpreted.
• It is important for historians to be critical of the sources they use and to understand the context in which historical events occurred.

Spanish Colonial Period

• Jose Montero y Vidal was a prolific Spanish historian who wrote about the Cavite Mutiny.
• The Cavite Mutiny occurred on January 20, 1872, at a military arsenal in Cavite.
• The head of the colonial government in the Philippines was the Governor-General.
• Spanish colonial taxes were a major source of resentment among Filipinos and contributed to the rise of Filipino nationalism.
• Native leaders called "principales" played a role in local administration under Spanish rule.
• The Spanish dismantled the traditional barangay system, which reduced the political power of native Filipinos.
• Spanish colonial taxes, such as the tributo, bandala, and polo y servicio, burdened the Filipino population economically.
• There is historical debate about the Cry of Bahay Toro, which was an early act of defiance against Spanish rule.
• Archaeological evidence, such as prehistoric settlements and artifacts, provides clues about the past.

Ferdinand Magellan's Expedition

• The primary goal of Ferdinand Magellan's expedition was to discover a westward route to the Spice Islands.

Juan Luna's Art

• Juan Luna's paintings often illustrated literary and historical scenes with political commentary.

Marriage Customs in Pre-Colonial Philippines

• Dowries, called "bigay-kaya," were given by the groom to the bride's family as a symbol of his commitment and ability to provide for his wife.

Historical Sources

• Government documents provide the most objective perspective on official policies and actions.
• Oral history involves interviewing individuals with personal experience of historically significant events.

Meaning of History

• History is the study of the past.
• The word "historia" comes from Greek and means "knowledge acquired through inquiry or investigation."

Historical Criticism

• Redaction criticism examines how texts were edited.

Challenges in Historical Research

• Bias and differing perspectives can influence the interpretation of historical events.
• Historical records are often incomplete and subject to distortion.

Fernando Amorsolo

• Fernando Amorsolo was a Filipino painter who created his notable artworks during the 19th and 20th centuries.
• He is often referred to as the "Grand Old Man of Philippine Art."

Internal Criticism

• Internal criticism involves assessing the historicity or reliability of the information contained in a document.

Cavite Mutiny

• The Cavite Mutiny was an uprising of Filipino troops and workers at a military arsenal in Cavite on January 20, 1872.
• Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora were accused of being the masterminds of the mutiny.

Cry of Bahay Toro

• The Cry of Bahay Toro marked the rejection of Spanish authority by Filipino revolutionaries during the Philippine Revolution of 1896.

Catholic Church in the Philippines

• The Catholic Church became the dominant institution in the Philippines under Spanish rule from 1565 to 1898.

Political Consequences of Spanish Colonial Tax System

• The Spanish colonial tax system had significant political consequences, contributing to the rise of Filipino nationalism and the Philippine Revolution.

Philippines After Mexican Independence

• After Mexico's independence in 1821, the Philippines was ruled directly by Spain.

Manila as Capital of the Philippines

• Manila was declared the capital of the Philippines in 1595.

Economic Impacts of Spanish Colonization

• Tobacco was one of the main economic impacts of Spanish colonization on the Philippines.

Acquisition of Land by Monastic Orders

• Monastic orders acquired large tracts of land during Spanish colonization, often through grants from the Spanish government.
• The orders leveraged their influence and control over local resources to expand their landholdings.

Pre-Colonial Filipino Society

• The barangay was the basic social and political unit of pre-Hispanic Filipino society.
• Pre-colonial Filipinos practiced decentralized governance with local authorities called datus.

Miguel Lopez de Legazpi

• Miguel Lopez de Legazpi established the first Spanish settlement in Cebu.

Tributo

• The "tributo" was a general tax paid by Filipinos to Spain during the colonial period.

Political Caricature

• Political caricature is a form of visual commentary that uses satire and metaphor to address real and current events.

The Practice of Historical Writing

• Historiography is the practice of historical writing.

Pre-Colonial Filipino Practices

• Pre-colonial Filipinos practiced decentralized governance through barangays led by datus.
• During the Spanish colonial period, the political structure became centralized under Spanish authority.
• Local elites called the principalia played administrative roles.

Masterpieces of Juan Luna

• Some of Juan Luna's masterpieces include Spoliarium, La Muerte de Cleopatra, The Battle of Lepanto, and The Parisian Life.

Fernando Amorsolo

• Fernando Amorsolo is referred to as the "Grand Old Man of Philippine Art".

Friars and Local Government

• Friars had a command of local languages, which made them invaluable sources of information for the colonial government.
• They had significant influence over local government due to their knowledge and access to local communities.

Governor General Rafael de Izquierdo

• Governor General Rafael de Izquierdo ordered soldiers to collect taxes.