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Questions and Answers
What role do transmembrane proteins primarily play in the plasma membrane?
What role do transmembrane proteins primarily play in the plasma membrane?
Which characteristic is unique to porins compared to other transmembrane proteins?
Which characteristic is unique to porins compared to other transmembrane proteins?
During the process of intracellular signaling, receptors in the plasma membrane perform which vital function?
During the process of intracellular signaling, receptors in the plasma membrane perform which vital function?
What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?
What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?
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What type of microscopy is commonly used to locate proteins within a cell?
What type of microscopy is commonly used to locate proteins within a cell?
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Which experiment can be used to study the dynamics of proteins in a membrane?
Which experiment can be used to study the dynamics of proteins in a membrane?
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What structural feature is characteristic of integral proteins that span the lipid bilayer?
What structural feature is characteristic of integral proteins that span the lipid bilayer?
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What is the approximate diameter range of cisternae within the Golgi apparatus?
What is the approximate diameter range of cisternae within the Golgi apparatus?
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Which feature is NOT characteristic of collagen as mentioned in the content?
Which feature is NOT characteristic of collagen as mentioned in the content?
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What is the primary function of integrins in the context of the extracellular matrix?
What is the primary function of integrins in the context of the extracellular matrix?
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What is the significance of the glycine-proline-hydroxyproline motif in collagen?
What is the significance of the glycine-proline-hydroxyproline motif in collagen?
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Which type of ECM molecule is primarily responsible for providing volume and facilitating the diffusion of molecules?
Which type of ECM molecule is primarily responsible for providing volume and facilitating the diffusion of molecules?
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What is the result of a defect in the integrin cytosolic domain β subunit?
What is the result of a defect in the integrin cytosolic domain β subunit?
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Which statement about laminin is true?
Which statement about laminin is true?
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Which of the following classes of proteins is involved in the modulation of cell adhesion to the ECM?
Which of the following classes of proteins is involved in the modulation of cell adhesion to the ECM?
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What is the role of fibronectin in the extracellular matrix?
What is the role of fibronectin in the extracellular matrix?
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Which of the following statements correctly describes the function of the cytoskeleton?
Which of the following statements correctly describes the function of the cytoskeleton?
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What is the primary role of motor proteins in relation to the cytoskeleton?
What is the primary role of motor proteins in relation to the cytoskeleton?
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How do microtubules dynamically change within the cell?
How do microtubules dynamically change within the cell?
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Which statement accurately describes clathrin-coated vesicles?
Which statement accurately describes clathrin-coated vesicles?
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What structural feature distinguishes the plasma membrane?
What structural feature distinguishes the plasma membrane?
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Which of the following components contribute to the hydrophilic nature of membrane proteins?
Which of the following components contribute to the hydrophilic nature of membrane proteins?
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Which type of lipid is known to play a crucial role in membrane fluidity?
Which type of lipid is known to play a crucial role in membrane fluidity?
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What characteristic defines integral membrane proteins?
What characteristic defines integral membrane proteins?
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Study Notes
Exam Final 2024
- Subjects: Plasma Membrane, Golgi, cytoskeleton, extracellular matrix, Stem Cell, Apoptosis.
Plasma Membrane
- Structure: Composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.
- Components: Phospholipids (hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads), proteins (integral and peripheral), and cholesterol.
- Fluid mosaic model: Describes the membrane as a fluid structure with proteins embedded in the lipid bilayer.
- Amphipathic molecules: Phospholipids are amphipathic, meaning they have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions.
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Fatty acids: Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids are components of phospholipids, affecting membrane fluidity.
- Saturated: without double bonds.
- Unsaturated: with at least one double bond.
Golgi Apparatus
- Structure: Stacked flattened membrane-enclosed sacs (cisternae).
- Cis face: Receiving end of the Golgi, vesicles arrive from ER.
- Trans face: Secretory end of the Golgi, mature products leave via vesicles.
- Medial cisternae: In between Cis and Trans faces, contains enzymes involved in protein modification.
- Polarity: Organization of the Golgi with specific enzymes localized in different cisternae.
- Function: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids.
Cytoskeleton
- Components: Actin filaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments.
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Actin filaments: Helical polymers of actin protein, important for cell movement, shape, and contractility.
- Diameter: 7 nm
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Microtubules: Long, hollow, cylindrical polymers of tubulin protein, involved in intracellular transport, cilia, and flagella.
- Diameter: 25 nm (diameter of single microtubule)
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Intermediate filaments: Rope-like polymers of different protein types, provide mechanical strength and support to cells.
- Diameter: 10 nm
- Polarity: Actin and Tubulin filaments have + and - ends.
Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
- Components: Collagen, proteoglycans, and fibronectin.
- Collagen: A strong fibrous protein providing structural support and strength to tissues.
- Proteoglycans: Attached to glycosaminoglycans, are part of the ECM, and provide cushioning and structural support.
- Fibronectin: A glycoprotein that mediates cell-ECM interactions and cell migration.
Stem Cell/Apoptosis
- Stem Cell: Unspecialized cells that can self-renew and differentiate into specialized cell types.
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Apoptosis: Programmed cell death, a normal process in development and tissue homeostasis with a certain morphological characteristics.
- Necrosis: Unprogrammed cell death, usually result in inflammation, release of cellular contents.
Other Components
- Steroids: Amphipathic, important structural components of eukaryotic cell membranes, e.g., cholesterol.
- Glycoproteins/Glucolipids: Carbohydrates attached to proteins/lipids, increase hydrophilicity and may play roles in interactions.
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