Patho Exam 2

A patient presents with intact skin exhibiting nonblanchable erythema. According to pressure injury staging, which stage does this align with?

A patient has a pressure injury with full-thickness skin loss, and damage extending to the muscle tissue. Which pressure injury stage is described?

What characteristics describe an unstageable pressure injury?

A patient is admitted with a suspected deep-tissue pressure injury on their heel. Which clinical presentation would confirm this diagnosis?

Which of the following interventions is most appropriate for managing superficial pressure ulcers?

Which of the following pathophysiologic changes directly leads to increased pressure in the pulmonary arteries in pulmonary artery hypertension?

A patient with pulmonary artery hypertension is prescribed diuretics. What is the primary goal of diuretic therapy in this condition?

Why is supplemental oxygen used in the treatment of pulmonary artery hypertension related to hypoxemia or respiratory disease?

What is a key difference between primary and secondary pulmonary artery hypertension in terms of treatment strategies?

A patient with a history of chronic respiratory disease develops pulmonary hypertension. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism contributing to the development of pulmonary hypertension in this scenario?

What is a common initial indication of pulmonary artery hypertension that might be observed on a chest x-ray?

A patient has right ventricular enlargement secondary to pulmonary hypertension. Which of the following would be the most likely diagnosis?

Why is long-standing pulmonary hypertension often irreversible once right ventricular hypertrophy develops?

Why are prolonged periods of standing discouraged in the context of the provided information?

A patient presents with scaly, thick, silvery lesions primarily on their elbows and scalp. Which skin disorder is MOST likely?

Folliculitis and furuncles share a common causative agent. Which microorganism is MOST often implicated in these bacterial infections?

A patient is diagnosed with necrotizing fasciitis. What is the MOST critical initial treatment?

A patient who had chickenpox as a child is now experiencing pain and paresthesia along a thoracic dermatome, followed by the eruption of vesicles. Which viral infection is MOST likely?

In treating frostbite, why is it generally recommended to delay the removal or amputation of necrotic tissue?

A patient with scleroderma is MOST likely to exhibit which of the following signs?

Which of the following factors contributes to the development of varicose veins?

What is the MOST appropriate first aid treatment for a patient with suspected cold injury to their toes?

Which medication is MOST appropriate to administer to a patient with a cold injury to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis?

A patient is diagnosed with Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT). Which element of Virchow's triad is most directly addressed by prescribing prophylactic low-molecular-weight heparin?

A patient presents with edema in the upper extremities, venous distention in the face and neck, and dyspnea. Which condition is MOST likely causing these symptoms?

Which of the following is NOT typically a primary treatment for Superior Vena Cava (SVC) syndrome?

Following surgery, a patient is prescribed mobilization and prophylactic low-molecular-weight heparin. What condition is the medical team trying to prevent?

A patient is diagnosed with a condition characterized by an altered ratio of prostacyclin to thromboxane A2. Which of the following is MOST likely to be affected by this imbalance?

A 60-year-old male patient presents with a new diagnosis of hypertension. Based on the provided information, which of the following factors would be considered a risk factor for hypertension?

An Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) is calculated by dividing the ankle systolic pressure by the brachial systolic pressure. What does an ABI value of greater than 1.30 typically indicate?

An arteriogram with run-off is performed to assess blood flow in the lower extremities. Through which artery is the contrast medium commonly injected during this procedure?

A patient presents with symptoms suggestive of peripheral artery disease (PAD). Which diagnostic test combines ultrasound technology with blood pressure measurements to assess blood flow in the arteries of the arms and legs?

A physician is evaluating a patient with PAD to determine the most appropriate revascularization strategy. Which of the following factors would favor the selection of angioplasty or stenting over other surgical options?

Which of the following is NOT typically an indication for ordering an arterial duplex study?

A patient with severe peripheral artery disease (PAD) is not a candidate for angioplasty or stenting. What surgical procedure involves rerouting blood flow around a blocked artery in the leg?

What is the primary purpose of performing an arteriogram with run-off in a patient with suspected peripheral artery disease (PAD)?

A patient's Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) is calculated to be 0.8. According to standard ABI interpretation, what does this result indicate?

A patient with darkly pigmented skin develops an elevated, rounded scar with clawlike margins extending beyond the original injury site. Which treatment would be MOST appropriate to manage this condition initially?

A patient reports persistent itching (pruritus) without any visible skin lesions. The itching intensifies during periods of stress. Which type of pruritus is the patient MOST likely experiencing?

A patient with chronic venous insufficiency develops stasis dermatitis on their lower legs. Besides elevating the legs, what other clinical manifestations should a nurse expect to observe?

A patient is being treated for a skin disorder with topical corticosteroids. What potential side effect should the nurse monitor for?

A patient who had a surgical incision six months ago develops a scar that is elevated, erythematous, and fibrous, but remains within the borders of the original incision. Which type of scar is MOST likely present, and what is the underlying cause?

A patient with chronic eczema reports severe itching that is only partially relieved by topical treatments. Which of the following interventions should be considered to address the itch response, considering the central nervous system's role?

A patient is diagnosed with stasis dermatitis because of chronic venous insufficiency. To manage this condition effectively, what is the rationale behind elevating the patient's legs?

Which of the following factors is least likely to contribute to the formation of a keloid scar?

Which of the following is a direct result of inadequate venous return over a prolonged period?

A patient with chronic venous insufficiency is most likely to exhibit which of the following signs?

The right lymphatic duct drains lymph from which areas of the body?

Which of the following is true regarding the pressure exerted by compression stockings?

What is the underlying cause of peripheral artery disease (PAD)?

Which symptom is most indicative of peripheral artery disease?

A patient with peripheral artery disease reports that their leg pain is relieved when they dangle their foot off the bed. What is the MOST likely reason for this?

Which of the following is NOT typically a risk factor for peripheral artery disease (PAD)?

A patient develops a pressure injury that extends through the epidermis and dermis, but does not involve subcutaneous tissue. Which stage of pressure injury is this?

A patient has a full-thickness skin loss with the ulcer base covered by slough and eschar. How should the pressure injury be classified?

What is the primary treatment for a superficial pressure ulcer?

A patient who is immobile is being assessed for pressure injury risk. Which anatomical locations are most prone to pressure injuries?

What nursing intervention is most important for preventing pressure injuries in at-risk patients?

What is the primary rationale for delaying the removal or amputation of necrotic tissue in a patient with a cold injury such as frostbite?

In a patient with varicose veins, an altered ratio of prostacyclin to thromboxane A2 can contribute to which pathological process?

A patient post-surgery is prescribed prophylactic low-molecular-weight heparin. Which element of Virchow's triad is this intervention MOST directly addressing?

A patient is diagnosed with Superior Vena Cava (SVC) syndrome secondary to non-small cell lung cancer. Which treatment approach is MOST appropriate?

A 55-year-old male patient with a family history of hypertension is diagnosed with high blood pressure. Which risk factor is the LEAST modifiable in this scenario?

Why are gentle cleansing and avoiding pressure on the skin important aspects of frostbite care during the healing process?

A patient with a suspected deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is being evaluated. What is the significance of a D-dimer test in this assessment?

When caring for a patient with varicose veins, which intervention is aimed at counteracting the increased intravascular hydrostatic pressure?

What is the primary function of eccrine sweat glands in the skin?

A patient with PAD is scheduled for a peripheral vascular bypass. Which of the following post-operative findings should be immediately reported to the healthcare provider?

What is the role of Langerhans cells within the epidermis?

A patient is diagnosed with vitiligo. Which of the following pathophysiological processes is directly responsible for the patient's skin condition?

A patient is undergoing evaluation for Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD). Which teaching point is MOST critical for the nurse to emphasize to promote long-term management?

Following a peripheral artery bypass in the leg, a patient reports increased, severe pain in their calf that is not relieved by pain medication, along with coolness and pallor in the foot. What is the priority nursing intervention?

What is the function of fibroblasts within the dermis layer of the skin?

Which assessment finding suggests a potential complication at the surgical site following a peripheral artery bypass?

Which of the following correctly pairs a skin lesion with its description?

Which of the following is the MOST accurate comparison between a vesicle and a bulla?

Which of the following best explains why aging skin is more prone to temperature regulation issues?

An elderly patient reports a decreased ability to feel pressure on their feet. What physiological change is MOST likely responsible for this?

How does the reduction in melanocytes and Langerhans cells associated with aging affect skin integrity?

Which statement BEST describes the relationship between aging and skin's protective functions?

A patient has an elevated, solid lesion that is clearly demarcated and extends deep into the dermis, measuring more than 2 cm in diameter. Which type of primary skin lesion is MOST likely?

What changes to the capillary loops contribute to compromised thermoregulation in elderly patients?

A patient with chronic venous insufficiency is prescribed external compression garments. What is the primary therapeutic goal of this intervention?

A patient exhibits scaly, thick, silvery lesions predominantly on the elbows and scalp, characteristic of psoriasis. Which of the following pathophysiological processes primarily contributes to the development of these lesions?

A patient is diagnosed with a furuncle. How does a furuncle differ from folliculitis in terms of the extent of infection?

What is the rationale behind surgical debridement in the treatment of necrotizing fasciitis?

A patient who previously had chickenpox reports pain and paresthesia along a specific dermatome, followed by the eruption of vesicles. Which treatment approach is MOST relevant?

What is the underlying cause of scleroderma, leading to the hardening and thickening of the skin?

Why is it important to avoid rubbing or massaging areas affected by cold injury?

A patient with a cold injury is given Ibuprofen. What is the mechanism and therapeutic goal behind this?