Questions and Answers
Which of the following defines hypothesis? (Select all that apply)
William James was the ________.
first American psychologist
Critical thinking is ________.
applying a set of skills to understand and evaluate information
Which of the following psychologists was a behaviorist?
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According to William James, the purpose of psychology was to ________.
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Psychology refers to the ________.
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________ is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans.
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What is a PsyD?
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When studying personality traits, someone who is practical, conventional, and prefers routine will score low on the ________ trait.
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Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by ________.
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The cognitive revolution created an impetus for psychologists to focus their attention on better understanding ________.
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Oona should conduct research in the area of ________ psychology.
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Which kind of psychological area does the work of Jean Piaget exemplify?
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Char is ________.
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When studying personality traits, someone who is quiet, reserved, and withdrawn will score low on the ________ trait.
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Peter is interested in pursuing a ________ training program with the CDC.
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I am applying the principles of ________ in an attempt to modify Ralph's behavior.
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When studying personality traits, someone who is calm, even-tempered, and secure will score low on the ________ trait.
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Which theorist had the most influence in shaping how clinicians interact with people seeking psychotherapy?
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Lucy should specialize in ________ psychology.
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Which of the following is a feminist criticism of the science of psychology?
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Which of the following does not influence perception?
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According to Sigmund Freud, all of the following represent ways to access the unconscious mind except through ________.
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According to the biopsychosocial model, what determines health?
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Which of the following is not part of feminist psychology?
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Study Notes
Theoretical Foundations of Psychology
- Hypothesis: A tentative explanation, fundamental to scientific inquiry.
- William James: Recognized as the first American psychologist, author of seminal texts, emphasizing functionalism in psychology.
- Critical Thinking: Involves applying skills to assess and understand information critically, rather than merely accepting it.
Behaviorism and Key Figures
- John Watson: Prominent behaviorist focused on observable behaviors, diminishing the role of unobservable mental processes.
- Purpose of Psychology: William James believed it should study the function of behavior rather than mere structure.
- Behaviorism: Seeks to make psychology an objective science by emphasizing overt behavior over internal mental states.
Psychological Perspectives
- Humanism: A perspective that highlights the innate potential for good in every person, contrasting with other psychological schools.
- Cognitive Revolution: Shifted focus toward understanding mental processes, influencing modern psychology.
Specializations and Concepts
- PsyD: Stands for Doctor of Psychology, emphasizing practical skill in psychological practice.
- Industrial-Organizational Psychology: Focuses on enhancing workplace environments and productivity.
- Developmental psychology: Jean Piaget's work exemplifies studying cognitive and social development over the lifespan.
Personality and Traits
- Openness Trait: Individuals who are conventional and prefer routine score low on this trait.
- Extroversion Trait: Reserved individuals with low sociability and energy are characterized by low extroversion.
- Neuroticism: Individuals exhibiting calmness and security tend to score low on this emotional stability trait.
Research in Psychology
- Oona's Research: Conducting studies on workplace productivity falls under industrial-organizational psychology.
- Postdoctoral Training: Opportunities for advanced research experience post-PhD, particularly with organizations like the CDC.
Behavior Modification Techniques
- Operant Conditioning: Involves using rewards (positive reinforcement) and punishments to shape behavior.
Influential Theorists
- Carl Rogers: Influential in shaping psychotherapy practices through his humanistic approach.
- Abraham Maslow: Also significant in humanistic psychology, known for the Hierarchy of Needs.
Feminist Psychology Critique
- Male Bias: Critique of traditional psychology for its male-centric focus, stressing the need for inclusivity in research and practice.
Perception and Health Models
- Perception Influences: Previous experiences and cultural background significantly shape our perception.
- Biopsychosocial Model: Emphasizes that health is determined by the interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors.
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