1st PU Physics Study Notes

Physics Definition: The study of matter, energy, and their interactions.
Units: Standard units (SI) used are meter (m), kilogram (kg), second (s), ampere (A), kelvin (K), mole (mol), and candela (cd).

Kinematics: Study of motion without considering forces.
- Displacement: Change in position.
- Velocity: Rate of change of displacement.
- Acceleration: Rate of change of velocity.
- Equations of Motion:
  1. ( v = u + at )
  2. ( s = ut + \frac{1}{2}at^2 )
  3. ( v^2 = u^2 + 2as )
Dynamics: Study of forces and their effects on motion.
- Newton's Laws of Motion:
  1. First Law (Inertia): An object at rest stays at rest unless acted upon.
  2. Second Law: ( F = ma ) (Force equals mass times acceleration).
  3. Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Work: ( W = F \cdot d \cdot \cos(\theta) )
Energy: The capacity to do work.
- Kinetic Energy: ( KE = \frac{1}{2}mv^2 )
- Potential Energy: ( PE = mgh )
Power: Rate of doing work; ( P = \frac{W}{t} )

Density: Mass per unit volume; ( \rho = \frac{m}{V} )
Pressure: Force per unit area; ( P = \frac{F}{A} )
Pascal's Principle: Pressure applied to a confined fluid is transmitted undiminished in all directions.

Temperature: Measure of average kinetic energy of particles.
Laws of Thermodynamics:
1. Zeroth Law: If two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a third body, they are in equilibrium with each other.
2. First Law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed; ( \Delta U = Q - W )
3. Second Law: Heat cannot spontaneously flow from a colder body to a hotter body.

Wave: A disturbance that transfers energy from one point to another.
- Types: Transverse and longitudinal.
Frequency (f): Number of oscillations per unit time; ( f = \frac{1}{T} )
Wave Speed: ( v = f \lambda ) (where ( \lambda ) is wavelength).

Ohm's Law: ( V = IR ) (Voltage equals current times resistance).
Circuit Components: Resistors, capacitors, inductors.
Magnetic Field: Region around a magnet where magnetic forces can be observed.

Reflection: Bouncing back of light when it hits a surface.
Refraction: Bending of light as it passes from one medium to another.
Lenses: Convex (converging) and concave (diverging) lenses with different focal properties.

Quantum Mechanics: Study of particles at atomic and subatomic levels.
Photoelectric Effect: Emission of electrons when light shines on a material.

Physics explores matter and energy interactions.
Standard International (SI) units include meter (m), kilogram (kg), second (s), ampere (A), kelvin (K), mole (mol), and candela (cd).

Kinematics: Analyzes motion ignoring forces.
- Displacement indicates position change.
- Velocity measures displacement change over time.
- Acceleration gauges velocity change over time.
- Key equations of motion:
  - ( v = u + at )
  - ( s = ut + \frac{1}{2}at^2 )
  - ( v^2 = u^2 + 2as )
Dynamics: Focuses on forces affecting motion.
- Newton's Laws:
  - First Law (Inertia): Objects remain in their state unless acted on.
  - Second Law: ( F = ma ), where force equals mass times acceleration.
  - Third Law: Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.

Work: Calculated as ( W = F \cdot d \cdot \cos(\theta) ).
Energy: Ability to perform work.
- Kinetic Energy: ( KE = \frac{1}{2}mv^2 ).
- Potential Energy: ( PE = mgh ).
Power: Rate at which work is done, defined as ( P = \frac{W}{t} ).

Density: Mass-to-volume ratio expressed as ( \rho = \frac{m}{V} ).
Pressure: Force per area calculated by ( P = \frac{F}{A} ).
Pascal's Principle: Confined fluid pressure is transmitted uniformly in all directions.

Temperature: Reflects average kinetic energy of particles.
Laws of Thermodynamics:
- Zeroth Law: Thermal equilibrium occurs among bodies in equilibrium with a third body.
- First Law: Energy conservation expressed as ( \Delta U = Q - W ).
- Second Law: Heat flow spontaneity is from hot to cold, not vice versa.

Wave: Energy disturbance traveling from one location to another.
Two main types: Transverse and longitudinal waves.
Frequency (f): Oscillations per time unit, with ( f = \frac{1}{T} ).
Wave Speed: Calculated as ( v = f \lambda ) (where ( \lambda ) represents wavelength).

Ohm's Law: Expressed as ( V = IR ), linking voltage, current, and resistance.
Basic circuit components include resistors, capacitors, and inductors.
Magnetic Field: Area surrounding a magnet where its influence can be felt.

Quantum Mechanics: Investigates atomic and subatomic particle behavior.
Photoelectric Effect: Phenomenon where light exposure causes electron emission from materials.