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Which age group is most likely to experience disc problems?

18-45 years

45 years and older

15-40 years (correct)

50 years and older

Which occupation is associated with a high incidence of back injury?

Warehouse worker

Office worker

Truck driver (correct)

Teacher

What is the recommended inclination of the back rest to decrease pressure on the intervertebral disc?

130° (correct)

180°

90°

45°

Which gender has a higher incidence of lower back pain?

Women Signup and view all the answers

How long does acute back pain typically last?

2-4 weeks Signup and view all the answers

What type of pain is characterized by symptoms staying centralized in the back?

Mechanical low back pain Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions may cause mechanical deformation of the spine or increase intradiscal pressure?

Sitting Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of radiating pain below the knee?

Sitting Signup and view all the answers

If standing increases the pain and other symptoms, what may be the cause?

Extension Signup and view all the answers

If walking increases the pain and other symptoms, what may be the cause?

Extension Signup and view all the answers

If lying (especially prone lying) increases the pain and other symptoms, what may be the cause?

Extension Signup and view all the answers

What is the key to proper back posture?

Strong hip extensor muscles Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about facet joint problems?

The range of motion (ROM) remains the same Signup and view all the answers

What does pain on forward flexion with no substantial muscle tenderness suggest?

Disc involvement Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is more likely to cause bilateral pain if it is a central protrusion?

Spondylolisthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between dural pain and radicular pain?

Radicular pain is restricted to one dermatome Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely cause if paresthesia is painless?

Cord compression Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of patients with low back pain have disc problems?

5% Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the body is most commonly affected by abnormal sensations in the presence of paresthesia?

Lower extremities Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential consequence of not relieving the pressure on the spinal cord in a myelopathy?

Bowel and bladder problems Signup and view all the answers

Which level does the adult spinal cord end at?

L1 Signup and view all the answers

What can cause weakness or decrease in strength in the legs while walking or climbing stairs?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What type of sleeping position is considered the best for the lumbar spine?

Side lying Signup and view all the answers

What can difficulty with micturition be a symptom of?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about diagnosing pain due to a disc in the lumbar spine?

It is a diagnosis of exclusion Signup and view all the answers

What should the examiner do when red flags are present during the examination?

Check for serious spinal pathology Signup and view all the answers

What should the examiner watch for during the examination to identify an increased risk of chronic pain and long-term disability?

Yellow flags Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to consider visceral tissues in any assessment of the lumbar spine and pelvis?

They are adjacent to the lumbar spine and pelvis Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the examination when differentiating symptoms of a herniated disc from other conditions?

Differentiating radicular symptoms Signup and view all the answers

According to Waddell, how often can a definitive diagnosis as to the pathology of back pain be made?

In about 15% of cases Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following postures or actions may increase pain or cause difficulty in individuals with low back pain?

Sitting Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following movements are typically associated with increased pain in individuals with disc pathology?

Bending Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following postures may be the cause of pain and other symptoms if they increase while the patient is standing?

Extension Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following postures may be the cause of pain and other symptoms if they increase while the patient is walking?

Extension Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following postures may be the cause of pain and other symptoms if they increase while the patient is lying (especially prone lying)?

Extension Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions may lead the examiner to suspect a neurogenic or space-occupying lesion if the patient experiences persistent pain or progressive increases in pain while in the supine position?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which age group is most likely to experience disc problems?

Between 15 and 40 years Signup and view all the answers

Which occupation is associated with a high incidence of back injury?

Truck drivers Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended inclination of the back rest to decrease pressure on the intervertebral disc?

130 degrees Signup and view all the answers

How long does acute back pain typically last?

3 to 4 weeks Signup and view all the answers

Which gender has a higher incidence of lower back pain?

Women Signup and view all the answers

What can cause weakness or decrease in strength in the legs while walking or climbing stairs?

Disc problems Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a red flag that the examiner must clear during the examination of the lumbar spine?

Visceral disorders Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of diagnosing pain due to a disc in the lumbar spine?

Excluding other conditions Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of cases can a definitive diagnosis as to the pathology of back pain be made?

15% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following patterns suggests facet joint involvement in low back pain?

Pattern 2 Signup and view all the answers

What can make it difficult for the examiner to determine the location of the problem in the lumbar spine?

Radicular symptoms below the knee Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about diagnosing pain due to a disc in the lumbar spine?

It is primarily a diagnosis of exclusion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms may indicate a myelopathy and is considered an emergency surgical situation?

Difficulty with micturition Signup and view all the answers

Which level does the adult spinal cord end at?

L1 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key characteristic of pain caused by disc involvement in the lumbar spine?

Pain that improves with walking Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely cause if paresthesia is painless?

Pressure relieved from the nerve trunk Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely cause of pain radiating to the posterior aspect of the foot?

L5 disc problems Signup and view all the answers

Which type of sleeping position is considered the best for the lumbar spine?

Side lying Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about pain caused by a minor disc injury?

It may result in back or buttock pain Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely cause if paresthesia is painless?

Disc problem Signup and view all the answers

What can cause weakness or decrease in strength in the legs while walking or climbing stairs?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which activities aggravate the pain?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of lumbar and sacroiliac pain?

It tends to be referred to the buttock and posterior leg Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely cause of pain radiating into the leg below the knee?

Disc lesion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following age ranges is most likely to experience disc problems?

25-40 years Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following occupations is associated with a high incidence of back injury?

Truck drivers Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended inclination of the back rest to decrease pressure on the intervertebral disc?

130° Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions may lead the examiner to suspect a neurogenic or space-occupying lesion if the patient experiences persistent pain or progressive increases in pain while in the supine position?

Pattern 3 Signup and view all the answers

How long does acute back pain typically last?

3-4 weeks Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key characteristic of pain caused by disc involvement in the lumbar spine?

Pain radiating below the knee Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about diagnosing pain due to a disc in the lumbar spine?

Diagnosing pain due to a disc is primarily a diagnosis of exclusion. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following patterns suggests facet joint involvement in low back pain?

Pattern 2 Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of cases can a definitive diagnosis as to the pathology of back pain be made?

15% Signup and view all the answers

What can cause weakness or decrease in strength in the legs while walking or climbing stairs?

Herniated disc Signup and view all the answers

What should the examiner watch for during the examination to identify an increased risk of chronic pain and long-term disability?

Yellow flags Signup and view all the answers

What can make it difficult for the examiner to determine the location of the problem in the lumbar spine?

Radicular symptoms below the knee Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of radicular pain?

It is usually restricted to one dermatome. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about pain caused by a minor disc injury?

It may result in back or buttock pain. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a red flag that the examiner must consider during the examination of the lumbar spine?

Pain radiating into the leg below the knee. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about facet joint problems?

The range of motion remains the same. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about pain caused by a disc problem in the lumbar spine?

It is usually felt in the back and leg. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions may increase intrathecal pressure in the lumbar spine?

Coughing Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential consequence of not relieving the pressure on the spinal cord in a myelopathy?

Long-term bowel and bladder problems Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely cause if the patient experiences paresthesia in the perineal area?

Pressure on a nerve trunk Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential red flag that the examiner should be aware of?

History of cancer Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential cause of weakness or decrease in strength in the legs while walking or climbing stairs?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential cause of difficulty with micturition?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential cause of pain that increases with certain activities?

Combination of both Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following postures or actions may increase pain or cause difficulty in individuals with low back pain?

Sitting Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between pain and activity in individuals with low back pain?

Pain increases with activity and decreases with rest. Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of radiating pain below the knee in individuals with low back pain?

Disc pathology Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following may be the cause if standing increases the pain and other symptoms in individuals with low back pain?

Extension Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following may be the cause if walking increases the pain and other symptoms in individuals with low back pain?

Extension Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following may be the cause if lying (especially prone lying) increases the pain and other symptoms in individuals with low back pain?

Extension Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following postures may cause an increase in pain and other symptoms if the patient is sitting for a long period of time?

Standing Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following postures may cause an increase in pain and other symptoms if the patient is standing?

Lying Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following postures may cause an increase in pain and other symptoms if the patient is walking?

Standing Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following postures may cause an increase in pain and other symptoms if the patient is lying (especially prone lying)?

Bending Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions may lead the examiner to suspect a neurogenic or space-occupying lesion if the patient experiences persistent pain or progressive increases in pain while in the supine position?

Visceral tissue problem Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions may lead the examiner to suspect an injury to the iliolumbar ligaments if the patient experiences unilateral pain in the upper sacroiliac region or in the groin on extension?

Facet joint injury Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential consequence of not relieving the pressure on the spinal cord in a myelopathy?

Bowel and bladder problems Signup and view all the answers

What can cause weakness or decrease in strength in the legs while walking or climbing stairs?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of radiating pain below the knee in individuals with low back pain?

Disc protrusion Signup and view all the answers