19th Century European History

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Questions and Answers

How was the Second Phase of the Industrial Revolution different from the First Phase? Who were the "Industrial giants" in the First Phase? the Second Phase?

The Second Phase focused on economic theories and philosophies in business, while the First Phase centered on textiles and steam power. The Industrial giant in the first phase was Great Britain.

Explain the reasons World War I (First World War, the War to End all other wars, the War to make the World safe for Democracy) began. How long did the War last and when did it end?

WWI began due to a complex web of alliances, militarism, imperialism, and nationalism, triggered by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. It lasted from 1914 to 1918.

Compare and contrast the two most famous Prime Ministers in Victoria's reign. Which did she prefer and why?

Benjamin Disraeli and William Gladstone were two prominent Prime Ministers during Victoria's reign. Disraeli was known for his adventurous foreign policy and close relationship with the Queen. Gladstone focused on equality throughout Great Britain. Victoria preferred Disraeli for his charm and imperialist views.

What were the terms of the Congress of Vienna? Why did it fail? How did it cause the future problems of nationalism and wars?

<p>The Congress of Vienna aimed to restore the balance of power in Europe after Napoleon's defeat, reinstate monarchies, and suppress revolutionary movements. It failed because it ignored rising nationalism and liberalism, leading to future conflicts and wars as people sought self-determination and democratic reforms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were Karl Marx's beliefs/theories/predications? Why were they wrong?

<p>Marx believed that capitalism would inevitably be overthrown by a proletarian revolution, leading to a communist society without class distinctions and private property. His predictions were wrong because capitalism proved adaptable, workers' conditions improved, and communist revolutions did not occur in industrialized nations as he expected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did Germany not have the same problems as Italy, when it unified in 1871?

<p>Germany's unification was led by Prussia, which had a strong military and industrial base, providing stability. Italy faced greater regional differences, economic disparities, and political fragmentation, leading to more internal problems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the two sides during World War I, who was on each, who won and why?

<p>The two sides were the Allied Powers (Britain, France, Russia, later the U.S.) and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire). The Allied Powers won due to superior resources, naval power, and the eventual entry of the United States.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the leaders and countries represented at the Treaty of Versailles. Why did the Paris Conference fail?

<p>The main leaders were Woodrow Wilson (U.S.), David Lloyd George (Britain), Georges Clemenceau (France), and Vittorio Orlando (Italy). The Paris Conference did not fail, but the Treaty of Versailles was criticized for being too harsh on Germany, sowing the seeds for future conflict.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the British Parliament change in the Victorian Era?

<p>The British Parliament saw the establishment of the two prominent political parties the Whigs and the Tories. The Whigs became the liberal party, and the Tories became the conservative.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the results of World War I?

<p>The results included the collapse of empires, redrawing of European borders, the rise of the United States as a global power, the formation of the League of Nations, and immense loss of life and devastation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the main points of Wilson's Fourteen Point Plan? Why did it fail? What were the peace terms of the Treaty of Paris (1919)?

<p>Wilson's plan included open diplomacy, freedom of the seas, free trade, arms reduction, and the establishment of a League of Nations. It only partially succeeded because European powers prioritized their own interests and revenge on Germany. The Treaty of Versailles imposed heavy reparations on Germany, disarmed it, and assigned blame for the war.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the United States enter World War I?

<p>The U.S. entered WWI due to Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare, which threatened American ships and lives, and the Zimmerman Telegram, in which Germany promised Mexico territory in exchange for attacking the U.S.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why was Czar Nicholas II forced to abdicate in 1917?

<p>Czar Nicholas II was forced to abdicate due to absolute rule, military defeats in the Russo-Japanese War and WWI, and his murder of innocent protestors on Bloody Sunday.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How was World War I fought differently than previous wars?

<p>WWI introduced new technologies like machine guns, poison gas, tanks, and airplanes, leading to trench warfare and unprecedented levels of casualties. It also involved total war, mobilizing entire societies and economies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why was the Crimean War considered "the first modern war"? What did it prove?

<p>The Crimean War is considered modern due to its use of industrialized weapons, modern fighting methods, and extensive media coverage. It revealed the military weaknesses of Europe and the importance of modernizing armies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How was the League of Nations set up? Why did it fail?

<p>The League of Nations was established after WWI to promote international cooperation and prevent future wars. It failed due to the absence of major powers like the U.S., its inability to enforce decisions, and its lack of a standing army.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did the United States want to stay out of World War I?

<p>The U.S. initially wanted to stay out of WWI due to a tradition of isolationism, a desire to avoid entanglement in European conflicts, and the belief that the war was not directly threatening American interests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How was World War I fought? What were the two fronts and why did the war become a "stalemate"?

<p>WWI was fought on multiple fronts, primarily the Western Front (France and Belgium) and the Eastern Front (Russia and Germany/Austria-Hungary). Trench warfare on the Western Front led to a stalemate as neither side could make significant advances due to heavy defenses and new technologies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did World War I spread so quickly in 1914?

<p>WWI spread quickly due to a complex system of alliances, which obligated nations to defend each other, and rapid mobilization plans that triggered a chain reaction after Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the advantages each side had before/during World War I.

<p>The Allies had advantages in naval power (Britain), industrial capacity (U.S.), and access to resources from their colonies. The Central Powers had a strong military (Germany), a central geographic position, and initial advantages in military technology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How was World War I fought at home?

<p>At home, WWI involved total mobilization, including rationing, propaganda campaigns, women entering the workforce, and increased government control over the economy to support the war effort.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Napoleonic Code of Laws like? Whose rights were taken away under them?

<p>The Napoleonic Code was a civil legal system that emphasized equality before the law, property rights, and secular education. It curtailed women's rights and reduced the rights of illegitimate children.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What three mistakes did Napoleon make to lose power in France?

<p>Napoleon's three major mistakes were the Continental System (economic blockade against Britain), the Peninsular War (intervention in Spain and Portugal), and the invasion of Russia in 1812.</p> Signup and view all the answers

After his defeat in 1813, what happened to Napoleon? In 1815 what did he do? Was he successful and what finally happened to him?

<p>After his defeat in 1813, Napoleon was exiled to Elba. In 1815, he escaped and returned to power for the Hundred Days before being defeated at Waterloo. He was then exiled to Saint Helena, where he died.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe Napoleon Bonaparte's background. How did he take over France? What were the basic ideas did he spread throughout Europe, of the French Revolution?

<p>Napoleon was a Corsican-born military leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution. He seized power through a coup d'état in 1799. He spread the revolutionary ideas of equality, liberty, and fraternity throughout Europe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did the Russian people turn against Czar Nicholas II and his family? What happened to the Russian royal family?

<p>The Russian people turned against Czar Nicholas II due to his incompetence, the influence of Rasputin, and the hardships of WWI. The Russian royal family was executed by the Bolsheviks in 1918.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the United States change in the late 1800's to become a "world power"?

<p>The U.S. became a world power through industrialization, economic growth, territorial expansion, and assertive foreign policy, including the Spanish-American War and the acquisition of overseas colonies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did "anti-Semitism" increase again in the 1800's?

<p>Anti-Semitism increased due to rising nationalism (identifying Jews as outsiders), economic competition, and existing religious prejudices. Jews were often scapegoated for societal problems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why was the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, help start World War I ?

<p>The Franco-Prussian War led to the unification of Germany under Prussian leadership and created lasting tensions between France and Germany due to the loss of Alsace-Lorraine, contributing to the environment that led to WWI.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why was the War of 1812 (1812-1814) fought? Who fought in the War? What happened in the War to the United States? After the War ended, how did it effect the United States?

<p>The War of 1812 was fought between the United States and Great Britain over maritime rights and impressment of American sailors. The U.S. suffered some defeats but also secured its sovereignty. After the war, the U.S. experienced a surge of nationalism, industrial growth, and westward expansion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Nationalism

The political doctrine and movement seeking to promote the interests of a particular nation, especially with the aim of acquiring and maintaining sovereignty.

Imperialism

The policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, use of military force, or other means.

Militarism

The belief or desire that a government should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests.

Oligopoly

A market structure in which a small number of firms have the large majority of market share.

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Socialism

A system in which the people as a whole own and control the means of production, rather than private individuals or corporations.

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Socialism

The doctrine that actions are right if they are useful or for the benefit of a majority.

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Russo-Japanese War

A war fought between Japan and Russia during the years 1904 and 1905.

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"The Black Hand"

A secret criminal society in New York in the early 19th century.

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Capitalism

A political and economic system where trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

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Study Notes

  • Alfred Dreyfus was a French officer involved in a controversial scandal.
  • Otto von Bismarck was a prominent figure in German unification.
  • Wilhelm II of Germany ruled during World War I.
  • Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian nationalist.
  • Count Cavour was instrumental in Italian unification.
  • Victoria I reigned over Great Britain during a period of significant change.
  • The Opium Wars (1839-1842) involved Great Britain and China.
  • Windsor-Mountebatten is a British royal family name.
  • Edward VIII of Great Britain abdicated the throne.
  • The 1804 Act of Union unified Great Britain and Ireland.
  • The Boer War (1899-1902) was fought in South Africa.
  • The Crimean War (1853-1856) involved Russia against other major powers.
  • Nicholas II and Alexandria were the last Tsar and Tsarina of Russia.
  • Adam Smith wrote "The Wealth of Nations," a foundational work of economics.
  • Robert Owen was a social reformer and Utopian socialist.
  • "Das Kapital" and "The Communist Manifesto" were written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.
  • "Anarchists" advocate for the abolition of all forms of government.
  • Nationalism is a political ideology that emphasizes loyalty to a nation.
  • "The Black Hand" was a Serbian nationalist group.
  • The Triple Entente (or Allied Powers) included France, Russia, and Great Britain.
  • The Triple Alliance (or Central Powers) included Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.
  • June 28th, 1914, is the date of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
  • Imperialism is the policy of extending a nation's power and influence through colonization.
  • The Schlieffen Plan was a German military strategy for WWI.
  • The October Manifesto of 1905 was issued in Russia during a period of unrest.
  • Sir Winston Churchill was a British statesman during World War II.
  • George IV was a British monarch.
  • Militarism is the belief in maintaining a strong military.
  • General John J. Pershing led the American Expeditionary Forces in WWI.
  • The Duma was a Russian legislative body.
  • "The Fourteen Points" was a plan for peace after WWI, proposed by Woodrow Wilson.
  • Theodore Roosevelt played a part in the 1905 Russo-Japanese War.
  • The Sepoy Rebellion of 1857 occurred in India.
  • The Congress of Vienna (1815) was a conference to reorganize Europe after Napoleon.
  • The Treaty of Versailles (1919) ended World War I.
  • The Swine Flu Epidemic of 1918-1919 was a global pandemic.
  • William IV was a British monarch.
  • Rasputin was a controversial figure in Russia during the reign of Nicholas II.
  • Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg was the consort of Queen Victoria.
  • Charles III is the current monarch of the UK.
  • Monopoly is exclusive control of a commodity or service in a particular market.
  • The Congress of Vienna took place in 1815.
  • Giuseppe Garibaldi was an Italian general and patriot.
  • The Franco-Prussian War took place in 1870.
  • Alexander II of Russia was a reforming Tsar.
  • The Russo-Japanese War took place in 1905.
  • Nicholas I of Russia was a conservative Tsar.
  • The Boxer Rebellion occurred in 1899-1902 in China.
  • Edward VII was a British monarch.
  • "Scorched-earth policy" is a military strategy of destroying resources.
  • Elizabeth II was the Queen of the UK.
  • The Potato Famine of 1846-1848 devastated Ireland.
  • "The Battle of Trafalgar" was a naval battle in 1805.
  • "The Battle of Waterloo" was fought in 1815.
  • Napoleon III was the leader of France.
  • "The Revolution/Summer of 1848" refers to a series of uprisings in Europe.
  • April 2nd, 1917, was a significant date during World War I.
  • Alexander III of Russia was a reactionary Tsar.
  • Capitalism is an economic system based on private ownership.
  • November 11th, 1918, is the date of the Armistice that ended WWI.
  • Charles III is the current monarch of the UK.
  • Pope Francis I is the current Pope.
  • "The sick man of Europe" was a term used to describe the Ottoman Empire.
  • "Bloody Sunday, January 22nd, 1905," was a massacre in Russia.
  • Gavrilo Princip assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
  • Jean Champillion was involved in translation of the Rosetta Stone Hieroglyphs
  • "Old Regime" refers to the political and social system in pre-Revolutionary France.
  • The Treaty of Ghent (1814) ended the War of 1812.
  • Woodrow Wilson was the U.S. President during World War I.
  • Florence Nightingale was a pioneer of modern nursing.
  • Isolationism is a policy of remaining apart from the affairs of other countries.
  • The Boers/Afrikaners were settlers in South Africa.
  • Hong Kong is a territory in Southeast China.
  • The Russo-Japanese War took place in 1904.
  • George VI was a British monarch during World War II.
  • The Irish Home Rule Bill aimed to grant self-government to Ireland.
  • Socialism is a political and economic theory advocating for collective ownership.
  • Oligopoly is a market structure with a small number of firms.
  • "Émigrés" were French nobles who fled during the French Revolution.
  • The Spanish-American War occurred in 1898.

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