Geography November exam P2 (Mix)

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of Geographic Information Systems (GIS)?

  • Store and manipulate all types of geographical data (correct)
  • Create digital maps for entertainment purposes
  • Develop video games based on geographical features
  • Study historical weather patterns

How does GIS allow users to contribute to the system?

  • By analyzing satellite images
  • By conducting field surveys
  • By printing paper maps
  • By uploading specific data (correct)

In which sectors is GIS technology applicable?

  • Government, industries, urban planning, environmental management (correct)
  • Concert planning, animal husbandry, marine biology
  • Fashion, culinary arts, sports management
  • Interior design, tourism, astronomy

Who is involved in the development of GIS software?

<p>Programmers, geographers, specialists in geographic information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of technology is GIS primarily used as?

<p>Decision-making and planning tool (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does GIS store data in?

<p>Digital format (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of digital information in terms of data handling?

<p>Enhanced collection and storage of vast amounts of information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of aerial photograph provides a bird's-eye view of large areas?

<p>Oblique aerial photograph (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates a low oblique aerial photograph from a high oblique one?

<p>The camera angle from the vertical (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of orthophoto maps that distinguishes them from aerial photographs?

<p>Combining image characteristics with geometric qualities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does digital information contribute to precision and reliability in data processing?

<p>By providing high precision and reliability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which field are satellite images particularly valuable due to the data they collect?

<p>Geographic information systems (GIS) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes vertical aerial photographs especially useful for accurate spatial representation?

<p>Having the camera axis nearly perpendicular (90°) to the ground (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are oblique aerial photographs taken at an angle instead of vertically for specific purposes?

<p>To make features easier to identify by capturing sides (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of data handling is significantly enhanced by digital formats compared to traditional methods?

<p>Efficiency and depth in data analysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one essential quality possessed by high oblique aerial photographs?

<p>Tilting the camera about 60° from the vertical (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an atlas provide detailed information about?

<p>Geographical and thematic aspects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of map focuses on specific parts of a continent or country?

<p>Local Maps (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of keys (legends) in atlases?

<p>Explain symbols and color codes used in maps (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are thematic maps useful?

<p>To display specific information based on themes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What fundamental skill does using a magnetic compass involve?

<p>Navigational skills (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the compass needle aid in navigation?

<p>Points towards magnetic north for reference (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is aligning the compass with true north on a map important?

<p>For accurate direction finding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do latitude and longitude represent in coordinates?

<p>Location on Earth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What information do political maps display?

<p>Political boundaries and regions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are grid lines in maps beneficial?

<p>To facilitate navigation and location pinpointing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in conducting fieldwork according to the provided text?

<p>Information Gathering (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method can be used for collecting data from the community during fieldwork?

<p>Surveys and questionnaires (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to align fieldwork with the local context according to the text?

<p>To actively engage with the community (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When deciding on the type of data to collect, what is one aspect to consider according to the text?

<p>Whether data should be collected in a quantitative or qualitative manner (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended practice for organizing a team during fieldwork according to the provided text?

<p>Clearly assigning roles and setting deadlines (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a step involved in recording and reporting findings from fieldwork as per the text?

<p>Classifying data into key themes and sub-themes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of map projections?

<p>To preserve shape, area, direction, and distance when mapping the Earth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In cartography, what does 'shape' refer to in map projections?

<p>Preserving true shapes of regions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of a Mercator Projection for navigation?

<p>Shows angles and directions accurately (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is magnetic declination on a map?

<p>The angle between magnetic north and true north (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do closely spaced contours indicate on a map?

<p>Steep slopes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do widely spaced contours suggest about the landscape on a map?

<p>Gentle slopes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are map scales useful for distance measurements?

<p>[Ratio] Scales provide direct readings without calculations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'FIELDWORK' as a mnemonic for fieldwork steps includes which step for conducting field research?

<p>'Finding a Topic' (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'True North' refers to the direction towards:

<p>'The Geographic North Pole' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What property do cartographers aim to preserve in map projections related to 'Area'?

<p>Area - To ensure regions are represented in true proportion to their actual size. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of aligning images with geographical locations on the earth called?

<p>Geo-referencing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of photograph is taken directly overhead from aircraft?

<p>Vertical Aerial Photograph (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of Orthophoto Maps mentioned in the text?

<p>Limited Availability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of Satellite Images for GIS integration?

<p>Continuous data collection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technological advancement has improved the speed and accuracy of orthophoto production?

<p>Digital mapping cameras (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is essential for creating topographic maps and provides a historical perspective of geographic changes?

<p>Vertical Aerial Photographs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of GIS as described in the text?

<p>Storing and presenting geographical data (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does GIS technology support urban planning according to the text?

<p>By assisting land planners with spatial data (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes GIS from traditional manual map-making methods?

<p>Digital format for storing and manipulating data (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sector is NOT mentioned as an application area of GIS technology in the text?

<p>Agriculture (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does GIS contribute to decision-making processes according to the text?

<p>By providing tools for planning and decision-making (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who collaborates in the development of GIS software according to the provided text?

<p>Programmers, geographers, and other specialists (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'E' in the I-ELDOWR mnemonic for fieldwork steps stand for?

<p>Engaging with Stakeholders/Local Environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of 'Theme Development' in organizing data during fieldwork?

<p>Classifying Data into Categories (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which activity falls under 'Working Effectively' as part of fieldwork procedures?

<p>Role Allocation in Teams (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key consideration when deciding the type of data to collect during fieldwork?

<p>Quantitative vs. Qualitative Data (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is aligning the compass with true north emphasized in fieldwork?

<p>To Enhance Data Accuracy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which step is a part of the 'R' in the I-ELDOWR mnemonic for fieldwork steps?

<p>Recording and Reporting Findings (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do maps in atlases often use to facilitate ease of interpretation?

<p>Alphanumeric Grids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of map illustrates the physical landscape showing altitude and topographical features?

<p>Relief Maps (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential skill required to effectively use atlas maps?

<p>Understanding Map Symbols (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a compass needle always point towards?

<p>True North (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do thematic maps typically use to display specific types of information based on themes?

<p>Colors and Symbols (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of map displays political boundaries with different colors representing countries or regions?

<p>Political Maps (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does latitude represent in coordinates?

<p>Distance North or South of the Equator (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What information does human geography in atlases typically include?

<p>Population Density and Distribution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of keys (legends) in atlases?

<p>To Explain Map Symbols and Color Codes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do relief maps primarily focus on illustrating?

<p>Physical Landscape Features (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of geo-referencing in integrating aerial photographs into GIS?

<p>Aligning images with geographical locations for mapping and spatial analysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of availability, what is a key disadvantage of Orthophoto Maps mentioned in the text?

<p>Limited availability for all regions, hindering comprehensive geographic analysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do vertical aerial photographs differ from orthophoto maps in terms of preparation for use?

<p>Vertical aerial photographs require scanning and digitization for GIS integration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes satellite images as a data collection method according to the text?

<p>Detailed digital images captured across various parts of the electromagnetic spectrum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are vertical aerial photographs considered essential for creating topographic maps?

<p>Provide historic geographic perspectives for accurate mapping (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable advantage of modern satellite technologies mentioned in the text?

<p>Automatic scale correction for precise mapping and analysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor limits global coverage when using vertical aerial photographs?

<p>'Scale accuracy' only maintained at the center of the photograph (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do satellites play in GIS integration, according to the text?

<p>'Global Coverage' enabling data collection across various parts of the electromagnetic spectrum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Automated cameras and improved film quality' represent advancements in which technology mentioned in the text?

<p>'Vertical Aerial Photographs' capturing detailed views from aircraft (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Technological Advances' since 2008 have primarily revolutionized which area as per the text?

<p>'Creation' of orthophotos combining visual detail with map accuracy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do cartographers aim to preserve the property of 'Direction' in map projections?

<p>To accurately depict the directions between locations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of closely spaced contours on a map indicates?

<p>Steep slopes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to understand magnetic declination on a map?

<p>To ensure precise navigation aligned with true north (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of 'Convex and Concave Slopes' indicated by contour patterns?

<p>To reveal variations in landform shapes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do map scales assist in distance measurements?

<p>By directly reading distances without calculations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a scale of 1:50,000 indicate on a map?

<p>$1$ cm on the map represents $50,000$ cm on the ground (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which map projection is known for accurately preserving angles and directions but distorting shapes and distances near the poles?

<p>Mercator Projection (1569) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'True North' refers to which direction?

<p>Direction towards the geographic North Pole (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes orthophoto maps from aerial photographs?

<p>Orthophoto maps provide a uniform scale, while aerial photographs may not. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do oblique aerial photographs differ from vertical aerial photographs?

<p>Oblique aerial photographs are captured at an angle, while vertical ones are directly overhead. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of satellite images over aerial photographs for capturing Earth's surface?

<p>Satellite images collect data in various wavelengths, while aerial photographs use only visible light. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is precision crucial in fields like engineering and science when processing digital information?

<p>To ensure accuracy and reliability in data analysis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of low oblique aerial photographs compared to high oblique ones?

<p>Low oblique aerial photographs show only the ground surface without the horizon unlike high oblique ones. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which way do digital formats significantly enhance data handling compared to traditional methods?

<p>By enabling the handling of vastly greater quantities of information. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Interoperability' refer to in the context of digital data?

<p>'Interoperability' allows digital data to be shared and integrated across various platforms and industries. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are oblique aerial photographs useful for capturing specific details in an image?

<p>Because they capture objects at an angle, showing sides for easier identification. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Precision and Reliability' are important aspects of digital information primarily because:

<p>'Precision and Reliability' ensure that data processing is accurate and dependable. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Accessibility and Manipulation' of digital information is crucial primarily because it:

<p>Facilitates complex analyses by enabling easy access and manipulation of digitized information. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the core functionalities of GIS technology?

<p>Analyzing and managing all types of geographical data (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does user input play in GIS systems?

<p>It allows for adding detailed and varied information tailored to specific needs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sector benefits from the use of GIS technology according to the text?

<p>Urban planning, environmental management, and government agencies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the essential collaborative efforts involved in GIS software development?

<p>Collaboration among programmers, geographers, and other specialists (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is GIS commonly utilized in decision-making processes?

<p>For planning and decision-making purposes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes GIS software stand out from traditional manual map-making methods?

<p>Ability to capture, store, manipulate, and analyze geographical data digitally (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key consideration when engaging with stakeholders in fieldwork?

<p>Engaging with local stakeholders is crucial (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes quantitative data from qualitative data in a fieldwork context?

<p>Gathering perspectives or opinions vs. measurements like counting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary focus when organizing data collected during fieldwork?

<p>Recording findings according to themes and sub-themes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does effective time management contribute to fieldwork success?

<p>Organizing the timeline and managing different phases efficiently (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial aspect of reporting findings from fieldwork?

<p>Preparing a concise report in an accepted format (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended practice for working effectively in fieldwork teams?

<p>Ensuring roles and responsibilities are clearly assigned in a group (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of using alphanumeric grids in atlas maps?

<p>To help in pinpointing locations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are relief maps different from thematic maps?

<p>Relief maps show altitude and topographical features (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What skill is essential for accurate navigation using a magnetic compass?

<p>Adjusting the compass to true north (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way do local maps differ from world maps in atlases?

<p>Local maps provide detailed geographical data (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should one understand to effectively interpret information on thematic maps?

<p>Specific types of information based on themes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is latitude and longitude essential for describing locations accurately?

<p>To provide precise coordinates of a point (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a legend (key) in atlases?

<p>To explain the symbols and color codes used in maps (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do regional maps differ from local maps?

<p>Regional maps focus on specific parts of countries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect do relief maps primarily aim to illustrate?

<p>Physical landscape features (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do relief maps differ from political maps?

<p>Relief maps illustrate physical features (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do closely spaced contours on a map generally indicate?

<p>Steep slopes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of magnetic declination in navigation?

<p>Navigational orientation adjustment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do map scales assist in distance measurements on maps?

<p>Show the relationship between map and ground distances (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which map projection is criticized for distorting shapes and distances near the poles?

<p>Mercator Projection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In fieldwork, what role does magnetic north play compared to true north?

<p>Guides compass needle orientation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'contours' represent on a topographic map?

<p>Points of equal elevation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What fundamental characteristic do cartographers attempt to maintain regarding 'Area' in map projections?

<p>Displaying regions in true proportion to their size (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are ratios and number scales important in maps?

<p>'To calculate distances directly' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Convex and concave slopes' are identified how on maps?

<p>'By contour line patterns' (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Fieldwork' as a mnemonic for research steps includes which initial step for conducting fieldwork?

<p>'Finding a Topic' (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes orthophoto maps from aerial photographs?

<p>Orthophoto maps correct for lens distortion and camera tilt, while aerial photographs do not. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are vertical aerial photographs crucial for accurately depicting spatial relationships?

<p>They ensure the spatial relationships between features are accurately displayed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of satellite images over traditional aerial photographs?

<p>Satellite images collect data in various wavelengths, offering unique perspectives. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do low oblique aerial photographs differ from high oblique aerial photographs?

<p>High oblique photos have the camera tilted 60° from vertical, while low oblique ones are tilted 30°. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately characterizes vertical aerial photographs?

<p>They depict spatial relationships between features with high accuracy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes digital information particularly valuable in fields where precision is essential?

<p>Digital formats provide high precision and reliability in data processing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does an orthophoto map differ from a satellite image?

<p>Orthophoto maps combine photographic image characteristics with map geometric qualities, while satellite images collect data in diverse wavelengths. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What enables digital data to be easily shared across different platforms and industries?

<p>The interoperability provided by sharing digital data (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes oblique aerial photographs compared to vertical ones?

<p>Oblique photographs capture images with the camera axis perpendicular to the ground. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does digital information enhance data handling compared to traditional methods?

<p>Digital formats enable the collection, storage, and display of more information than traditional methods. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of geo-referencing aerial photographs when integrating them into GIS?

<p>To align images with geographical locations on the earth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technology advancement has improved the speed and accuracy of orthophoto production since 2008?

<p>Automatic scale correction in digital mapping cameras (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key disadvantage of vertical aerial photographs that necessitates scanning and digitization for GIS integration?

<p>Scale accuracy only at the center of the photograph (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes satellite images as a data collection method, making them easily integrated into GIS for enhanced data analysis?

<p>Global coverage capability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are orthophoto maps particularly useful for detailed planning and analysis purposes?

<p>High scale clarity enhancing feature visibility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major limitation of orthophoto maps that hinders comprehensive geographic analysis?

<p>Not yet available for all regions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of preparation for use, what is a key difference between vertical aerial photographs and orthophoto maps?

<p>Vertical aerial photographs demand scanning and digitization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technological development has contributed to increased detail in modern satellite images?

<p>Improved sensors capturing data across electromagnetic spectrum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is ground surveying essential for integrating aerial photographs into GIS effectively?

<p>To align images with specific points on the ground precisely (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of orthophoto maps that sets them apart from traditional aerial photographs for mapping purposes?

<p>Combining visual detail with geometric map qualities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial aspect of GIS technology that involves a collaborative effort among various professionals?

<p>Software Development (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of GIS technology allows users to add highly detailed and specific data tailored to their needs or projects?

<p>User Input (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what aspect does GIS technology significantly support the work of land planners, government agencies, and private users?

<p>Application Across Sectors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of GIS technology in the context of planning and decision-making processes?

<p>Application Across Sectors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sector is NOT explicitly mentioned as one of the areas where GIS technology is widely applicable?

<p>Healthcare (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes GIS software development from other components of GIS technology?

<p>Collaborative Effort Requirement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between quantitative and qualitative data collection methods?

<p>Quantitative data involves measurements, while qualitative data involves opinions and perspectives. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is engaging with local stakeholders considered crucial in fieldwork according to the text?

<p>To gather necessary information from the community and align fieldwork with the local context. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of theme development in the context of organizing collected data?

<p>Themes provide a structure for organizing the data around key topics and subtopics. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is time management particularly emphasized in the effective execution of fieldwork?

<p>To organize different phases of fieldwork efficiently and meet set deadlines. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a core consideration in recording findings during fieldwork as per the text?

<p>Recording findings according to identified themes and sub-themes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does role allocation in teams contribute to the efficiency of fieldwork processes?

<p>By clearly assigning roles and responsibilities, setting deadlines, and promoting effective teamwork. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key property is preserved by a Robinson Projection map?

<p>Shape (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What measurement does a bearing provide?

<p>Direction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do closely spaced contours on a map indicate steep slopes?

<p>They represent valleys (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In map scales, what does a ratio/number scale of 1:50,000 mean?

<p>1 cm on the map represents 500 meters on the ground (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mnemonic is provided for the steps involved in fieldwork?

<p>FIELDWORK (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of contours on a map?

<p>To connect points of equal elevation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a magnetic declination angle indicate?

<p>The deviation between magnetic north and true north (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Widely Spaced Contours' on a map typically signify what type of terrain?

<p>'Gentle slopes' (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Convex and Concave Slopes' are distinguished by what on a map?

<p>'Contour line patterns' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Peters Projection' is known for emphasizing the true sizes of land masses over what property?

<p>'Maintaining shape' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes orthophoto maps from satellite images in terms of data collection?

<p>Orthophoto maps correct for topographic relief and lens distortion, whereas satellite images highlight different wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What advantage does digital information offer in data processing for fields like engineering and science?

<p>Digital information provides high precision and reliability, crucial for fields requiring accuracy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does a high oblique aerial photograph differ from a low oblique one?

<p>High oblique photographs show only the ground surface without the horizon, while low oblique photos capture both the ground and horizon. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key characteristic enables digital data to be shared across different platforms and industries?

<p>Interoperability of digital data (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are vertical aerial photographs crucial for depicting spatial relationships accurately?

<p>Their positioning ensures accurate depiction of spatial relationships. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significance do oblique aerial photographs add to capturing images?

<p>They capture the sides of objects making them easier to identify. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do orthophoto maps differ from traditional aerial photographs in terms of map characteristics?

<p>Orthophoto maps combine image characteristics of a photograph with geometric qualities of a map, unlike traditional aerial photos. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature between digital information and orthophoto maps in terms of data handling?

<p>Both ensure high precision and reliability in data handling. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Interoperability' is a key aspect of digital data. What does this term specifically refer to?

<p>'Interoperability' highlights the ability of digital data to be easily shared and integrated across different platforms and industries. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Precision and Reliability' are key attributes of digital information. How do these aspects benefit fields like engineering and science?

<p>'Precision and Reliability' enhance accuracy in data processing, vital for fields requiring precise calculations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why maintaining up-to-date maps is considered costly?

<p>Constant changes in political boundaries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are atlases considered valuable educational tools according to the text?

<p>For offering both fun and learning opportunities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do thematic maps aim to display using colors and symbols?

<p>Economic activities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does adjusting the compass casing to align the 'North' on the compass card with the needle pointing north help in achieving?

<p>Ensuring accurate direction finding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do local maps differ from regional maps in an atlas?

<p>Local maps detail smaller areas like a city or town, while regional maps focus on specific areas of a country or province (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using alphanumeric grids on atlas maps?

<p>To pinpoint locations using latitude and longitude (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do orthophoto maps differ from vertical aerial photographs in terms of data collection method?

<p>Orthophoto maps are created from overlapping vertical aerial photographs, whereas vertical aerial photographs involve capturing the Earth's surface from aircraft. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes orthophoto maps from topographic maps in terms of functionality?

<p>Orthophoto maps combine the visual detail of a photograph with geographic qualities, while topographic maps provide detailed views of Earth's surface for mapping. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key disadvantage of satellite images that makes them challenging to obtain for public and professional use?

<p>Satellite data collection involves high expenses associated with launches and maintenance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of vertical aerial photographs limits their accurate scale to only the center of the photograph?

<p>The scale accuracy of vertical aerial photographs is limited to the center due to variations in camera tilt. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technological advancement since 2008 has significantly improved the production speed and accuracy of orthophotos?

<p>Use of digital mapping cameras (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are orthophoto maps particularly useful for detailed planning and analysis compared to other types of maps?

<p>The large scale (1:10,000) enhances visibility of features. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason for low population densities in mountainous regions?

<p>Inaccessibility due to rugged terrain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do densely forested tropical regions often have low population densities?

<p>Inaccessibility due to the dense forest cover (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes significantly to low habitation in desert areas?

<p>Harsh climate and lack of water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does population density help in understanding a region's settlement pattern?

<p>By showing how closely-packed or spread out people are (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of conducting a census every ten years?

<p>To collect demographic information about every person (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of population distribution, why do cold regions often have low population densities?

<p>Because of extreme weather conditions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the rate of natural increase indicate about a population?

<p>It signifies the occurrence of population growth when the birth rate exceeds the death rate. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor primarily influences fertility rates in a population?

<p>Access to healthcare and contraception (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are males and females typically represented in population pyramids?

<p>Males on the left and females on the right (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of analyzing population pyramids?

<p>To understand age and gender distributions within a population (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key metric is influenced by the socio-economic conditions and cultural norms of a population?

<p>Fertility rate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do LEDCs often display a wide base and narrow top in their population pyramids?

<p>As an indication of rapid population growth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the fertility rate represent in a population?

<p>The number of children expected per woman during her lifetime (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does natural decrease affect a population?

<p>Leads to a decline in population due to higher death rates than birth rates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of a population does life expectancy provide insights into?

<p>The average number of years individuals are expected to live (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What additional factor can significantly influence life expectancy within a population?

<p>Access to healthcare services (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor contributing to the 'population explosion' as described in the text?

<p>Advancements in medicine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of the Demographic Transition Model is characterized by low birth and death rates, leading to population stabilization?

<p>Low Stationary (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are LEDCs experiencing a higher percentage of population growth compared to MEDCs?

<p>Higher fertility rates in LEDCs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which country listed is NOT given as an example of overpopulation in the context of living standards?

<p>United States (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What change in priorities leads to population decline in Stage 5 of the Demographic Transition Model?

<p>Emphasis on education and careers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of migration involves movement between countries with the intention of settling indefinitely?

<p>International Migration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is 'overpopulation' defined in the context of living standards?

<p>Decrease in living standards due to growing population (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Stage 3 – Late Expanding' of the Demographic Transition Model is characterized by what change?

<p>Decreased birth rates and death rates due to urbanization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Expanding' population structures, as seen in Stage 1-2 of the Demographic Transition Model, are characterized by what feature?

<p>'Wide base' reflecting high birth rates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the Gulf Stream as mentioned in the text?

<p>Affecting climate in north-western Europe (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor primarily influences deep ocean currents, as explained in the text?

<p>Temperature (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant impact of overfishing on marine ecosystems, according to the text?

<p>Reduced availability of essential nutrients for marine life (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are warm ocean currents particularly beneficial for tourism, based on the information provided?

<p>They attract tourists and boost local economies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of desalination processes, as described in the text?

<p>To provide fresh water in arid regions from seawater (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do cold ocean currents contribute to climate patterns, according to the text?

<p>By causing drier conditions through cooling the air (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for using aquaculture or fish farming, as mentioned in the text?

<p>To supplement wild fish stocks and provide a controlled source of fish (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do ocean currents affect global shipping routes, based on the information provided?

<p>They play a role in shaping and influencing shipping routes worldwide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant negative consequence of ocean pollution highlighted in the text?

<p>Devastating effects on marine life and human health (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the Coriolis effect mentioned as a significant factor influencing ocean currents?

<p>To emphasize its effect on causing water deflection based on Earth's rotation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between voluntary and forced migration?

<p>Voluntary migration involves movement for better opportunities, while forced migration is due to unsafe conditions or compulsion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of push factors for migration mentioned in the text?

<p>Wars and conflicts, unsafe conditions due to crime, and food shortages (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does rural-urban migration contribute to the cycle of poverty in rural areas?

<p>By leading to neglected farms, decreased productivity, and economic decline (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes seasonal movements like transhumance from daily movements?

<p>Daily movements involve regular travel between home and work, while transhumance relates to moving livestock between seasonal pastures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenges do immigrants and refugees often face according to the text?

<p>Hostility or discrimination based on perceived job competition or resource strain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between HIV and AIDS as explained in the text?

<p>HIV leads to AIDS, representing the most advanced stage of the infection. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Southern African countries experience some of the highest HIV infection rates globally?

<p>Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and South Africa (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'KwaZulu-Natal' experienced what trend in HIV infection rates according to provincial data?

<p>A decrease from 11.7% to 15.8% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does HIV/AIDS impact families and communities according to the text?

<p>'Destabilization of families' from loss of income and higher healthcare costs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Workforce impact' as a result of HIV/AIDS primarily affects which sector according to the text?

<p>'Agriculture sector' (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In South Africa, what is the average annual rainfall compared to the global average?

<p>450 mm, lower than the global average (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant impact of dams in South Africa mentioned in the text?

<p>Disrupting traditional living areas (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the challenges faced regarding the Free Basic Water (FBW) policy implementation in South Africa?

<p>Logistical and financial constraints (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant factor contributing to water pollution in South Africa?

<p>Urbanization and altered river flows (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do municipalities play in South Africa concerning water management?

<p>Buying, purifying, and distributing water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is sustainable water use important in South Africa?

<p>To conserve water resources and maintain quality (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does climate change affect water management in South Africa?

<p>By causing longer dry spells and more severe floods (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant challenge posed by the predicted climate change impacts on South Africa's water management?

<p>Longer dry spells and severe floods (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one key difference between South African rivers and other major African rivers like the Zambezi?

<p>Relatively small size of South African rivers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do dams impact settlements according to the text?

<p>Affecting traditional living areas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physical causes can lead to floods according to the text?

<p>High rainfall and snow melting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor typically shortens lag time and increases discharge, thus enhancing flood risks?

<p>Land Use Effects (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of flood defences as mentioned in the text?

<p>Construction of barriers and levees to prevent overflow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are urban areas particularly vulnerable to floods?

<p>Impermeable surfaces accelerating runoff (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can exacerbate the frequency and severity of floods, according to the text?

<p>Poor water management (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do hydrographs help in understanding river discharge over time?

<p>By displaying discharge changes before, during, and after storm events (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What human activities are mentioned in the text as contributing to increasing flood risks?

<p><strong>Deforestation and Poor Farming</strong> (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Earth's water is stored in icecaps and glaciers?

<p>68.7% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a state of water according to the text?

<p>Plasma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method by which water returns from the atmosphere to the surface of the Earth in the hydrological cycle?

<p>Precipitation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the world's water is considered fresh water?

<p>3% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process releases water vapor into the air in the hydrological cycle?

<p>Evapotranspiration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes ice from liquid water according to its behavior?

<p>Ice expands and floats on liquid water. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common state of water found on Earth?

<p>Liquid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what state is water when it evaporates from lakes and oceans?

<p>Gas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Earth's fresh water is stored in groundwater?

<p>30.1% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Population Distribution' refer to?

<p>How people are spread across the Earth's surface (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to low population densities in Densely Forested Tropical Regions?

<p>Harsh climate and lack of water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of conducting a Census?

<p>To collect demographic information about every person (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do Desert Areas tend to have low habitation?

<p>Harsh climate and lack of water and resources (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Population Density' measure?

<p>The number of people living per unit area (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which geographical feature is associated with challenging living conditions leading to low population densities?

<p>Mountainous Regions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for the rapid increase in the global population since 1800?

<p>Technological advancements in medicine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of the Demographic Transition Model is characterized by urbanization leading to decreased birth rates and low death rates?

<p>Stage 3 – Late Expanding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a country as 'overpopulated' according to the text?

<p>High population density without rising living standards (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are population structures characterized using population pyramids?

<p>To visualize population growth over time (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of migration involves people settling in a new location indefinitely?

<p>Immigration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What population movement results from people leaving a country?

<p>Emigration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a 'Declining' population structure according to the text?

<p>Narrow base due to very low birth rates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Overpopulation' is not solely dependent on what factor according to the text?

<p>'Immigration rates' (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Internal Migration' involves movement within which geographical boundary?

<p>'Within the same country' (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method by which water returns from the atmosphere to the surface of the Earth in the hydrological cycle?

<p>Condensation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes ice compared to liquid water based on its behavior?

<p>It expands when freezing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is water in oceans not potable?

<p>Due to its salinity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What drives the hydrological cycle according to the text?

<p>Solar energy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Earth's water is held in icecaps and glaciers?

<p>68.7% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process releases water vapor into the air as mentioned in the hydrological cycle?

<p>Evapotranspiration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when water vapor cools in the atmosphere?

<p>It condenses into clouds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Runoff' in the hydrological cycle refers to what process?

<p>'Excess' water flowing over the surface (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Evapotranspiration' refers to which combined processes as described in the hydrological cycle?

<p>'Evaporation' from water bodies and 'transpiration' from plants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Precipitation' primarily refers to what natural phenomena within the hydrological cycle?

<p>'Falling' of cloud particles as rain, sleet, hail, or snow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between push and pull factors for migration?

<p>Push factors force people to leave, while pull factors attract people to a new location. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cycle of poverty in rural areas as described in the text?

<p>It leads to neglected farms, decreased productivity, and economic decline when economically active individuals migrate. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key challenge faced by immigrants and refugees according to the text?

<p>Hostility or discrimination based on perceived resource strain or job competition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does HIV differ from AIDS?

<p>AIDS is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the social and economic effects of HIV and AIDS as mentioned in the text?

<p>Overwhelmed healthcare facilities and significant losses in productivity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do seasonal movements like transhumance involve?

<p>Moving livestock between seasonal pastures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do urbanization patterns in South Africa suggest?

<p>More people moving from rural areas to urban areas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the birth rate measure?

<p>The number of live births per 1,000 people per year (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is calculated by subtracting the death rate from the birth rate, multiplying by 100, and then dividing by 1,000?

<p>Natural Increase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What influences fertility rate in a population?

<p>Economic conditions and contraception availability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do LEDCs typically differ in their population pyramid shapes from MEDCs?

<p>MEDCs have a wide base and narrow top in their pyramids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor does NOT influence death rates in a population according to the text?

<p>Access to contraception (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the life expectancy of a population influenced?

<p>By healthcare, sanitation, and education (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the fertility rate represent in a population?

<p>The average number of children a woman is expected to have during her lifetime (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference in population structures between LEDCs and MEDCs?

<p>MEDCs typically exhibit lower birth rates than LEDCs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is calculated by multiplying the total number of births or deaths by 1,000 and dividing by the total population?

<p>Natural Increase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Natural Decrease indicate in a population structure?

<p>A decline in population due to higher death rates than birth rates. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can exacerbate the frequency and severity of floods, as mentioned in the text?

<p>Deforestation and poor farming practices (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of flooding can occur due to strong onshore winds and high tides?

<p>Coastal flooding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which human activity can contribute to river overflow by obstructing water flow, according to the text?

<p>Debris accumulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What tool is essential for understanding how river discharge changes before, during, and after storm events?

<p>Hydrographs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can urbanization impact flood risks, as mentioned in the text?

<p>Shortening lag time and increasing discharge (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy involves establishing early warning systems and preparing for evacuations in rural areas to manage flood risks?

<p>&quot;Rural and Informal Settlements&quot; tactics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of hydrographs that influences flood potential?

<p>&quot;Lag Time&quot; (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does snow melting contribute to sudden floods in certain regions?

<p>By enhancing surface runoff (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following human causes can lead to downstream flooding?

<p>Faulty dams or rapid water release (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do prolonged periods of intense rainfall contribute to flooding?

<p>By causing flash floods (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key challenge faced in the implementation of the Free Basic Water (FBW) policy in South Africa?

<p>Managing the financial cost of providing free water to all households (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do dams impact ecosystems according to the text?

<p>Leading to habitat disruptions and affecting biodiversity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the significant uses of dams in South Africa as mentioned in the text?

<p>Supplying urban needs, recreational activities, and irrigation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to water pollution in South Africa according to the text?

<p>Increased runoff due to urbanization and human activities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do municipalities play in South Africa's water management as discussed in the text?

<p>They are responsible for buying, purifying, and distributing water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant predicted impact of climate change on water management in South Africa?

<p>Increased frequency of dry spells and floods (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key strategy mentioned for sustainable water use in South Africa?

<p>Recycling water and reducing wastage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the major impacts of dams on settlements as highlighted in the text?

<p>'Potential flooding and disturbances' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Most of the country experiences no rain in winter' is a statement that emphasizes:

<p>'Significant drought conditions during winter' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'A considerable amount of water is lost each year due to high evaporation rates across the country' implies:

<p>'Evaporation contributes to challenges in water conservation' (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do oceans play in oxygen production?

<p>Produce nearly half of the oxygen through photosynthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which renewable energy resource is NOT mentioned as derived from oceans?

<p>Hydropower (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes water to deflect to the right in the Northern Hemisphere according to the text?

<p>Coriolis effect (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which major warm ocean current flows from the USA across the Atlantic to Europe?

<p>Gulf Stream (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant economic activity associated with nutrient-rich cold waters of ocean currents?

<p>Fishing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is used to provide fresh water from seawater, especially in arid regions according to the text?

<p>Desalination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major environmental issue resulting from oil spills, waste dumping, and runoff from land-based sources?

<p>Ocean pollution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Population Density measure?

<p>The number of people living per unit area (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do Cold Regions tend to have low population densities?

<p>Extreme weather conditions making survival difficult (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes significantly to low habitation in Desert Areas?

<p>Harsh climate and lack of water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a Census?

<p>To collect demographic information about every person in a country (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are Densely Forested Tropical Regions less densely populated?

<p>Harsh living conditions deter dense human settlement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of Mountainous Regions on population density?

<p>Decrease in population density due to rugged terrain and harsh climates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the significant global population growth since 1800?

<p>Advancements in medicine reducing death rates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of the Demographic Transition Model is characterized by low birth and death rates leading to population stabilization?

<p>Stage 4 – Low Stationary (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is Singapore not considered overpopulated despite its high population density?

<p>Successful implementation of family planning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which country is NOT considered overpopulated despite having high population density?

<p>Netherlands (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of a 'Declining' population structure according to the text?

<p>Narrow base due to very low birth rates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it essential for policymakers to understand population growth dynamics according to the text?

<p>To address challenges related to overpopulation and resource management (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of movement involves migrants intending to settle in a new location indefinitely?

<p>International Migration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is Somalia considered overpopulated despite having low population density?

<p>'Population explosion' (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Internal Migration' involves movement within which geographical area?

<p>'The same country' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Immigration' primarily involves the movement of people into which kind of area?

<p>'A country' (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Earth's water is held in icecaps and glaciers?

<p>68.7% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which age group is identified as the most affected by HIV and AIDS in terms of population structure?

<p>20-49 years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process releases water vapor into the air according to the hydrological cycle?

<p>Evapotranspiration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is liquid water characterized as conforming to the shape of its container?

<p>Due to fluidity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method by which water returns to the surface of the Earth from the atmosphere?

<p>Precipitation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which state of water is characterized by being less dense than liquid water?

<p>Solid ice (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does HIV and AIDS have on gender disparities according to the text?

<p>Increase in female-headed households (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Evapotranspiration' involves which two primary processes?

<p>(a) Evaporation and (b) Precipitation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between voluntary and forced migration?

<p>Voluntary migration is due to compulsion, while forced migration is based on personal choice. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of urbanization as mentioned in the text?

<p>Urbanization is especially pronounced in Less Economically Developed Countries (LEDCs). (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do immigrants and refugees often face hostility or discrimination?

<p>Based on the perception that they strain local resources or take jobs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the high HIV infection rates in Southern Africa?

<p>Low socio-economic conditions and limited access to healthcare. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does HIV weaken the immune system of infected individuals?

<p>By targeting healthy body tissues and organs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to economic decline due to HIV and AIDS?

<p>Reduction in GDP due to decreased productivity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the cycle of poverty in rural areas according to the text?

<p><strong>Migration of economically active individuals leaving dependents behind.</strong> (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the birth rate measure?

<p>The number of live births per 1,000 people per year (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is natural increase in a population?

<p>When the birth rate exceeds the death rate, leading to population growth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are birth and death rates calculated?

<p>Dividing the total number of births or deaths by 1,000 and multiplying by the total population (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors influence life expectancy in a population?

<p>Healthcare, sanitation, education, and economic conditions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are LEDCs distinguished from MEDCs based on their population pyramids?

<p>LEDCs have high birth rates and lower life expectancy, showing a wide base and narrow top in pyramids. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does fertility rate measure in a population?

<p>The average number of children a woman is expected to have during her lifetime (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the death rate provide insights into?

<p>General health and longevity of a population (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the natural decrease in a population indicate?

<p>A decline in population due to lower birth rates than death rates. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are factors influencing birth rates different from those affecting death rates?

<p>Birth rates are affected by education levels, while death rates are influenced by living conditions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way do war and migration contribute to changes in population dynamics?

<p>War and migration can dramatically alter population figures and structures by influencing birth and death rates. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What human activities can worsen flooding by increasing soil erosion and surface runoff?

<p>Deforestation and poor farming (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor can contribute to sudden floods in regions with heavy snowfall?

<p>Snow melting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do hydrographs help in understanding river discharge patterns?

<p>Showing discharge changes over time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can urbanization typically do to lag time and discharge in hydrographs?

<p>Shorten lag time and increase discharge (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which activity is a specific flood management strategy for rural and informal settlements?

<p>Establishing early warning systems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can cause rivers to overflow by obstructing water flow according to the text?

<p>Debris accumulation at bridges (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which natural phenomenon can lead to coastal flooding in combination with high tides?

<p>Strong onshore winds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of hydrographs that helps in assessing flood potential?

<p>Representing lag time (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action can help manage water flow and infiltration in urban areas to reduce flood risks?

<p>Improving drainage systems (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can poor water management contribute to downstream flooding according to the text?

<p>Rapid release of water from dams (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do ocean currents play in influencing climate patterns?

<p>Increasing the capacity of the air to hold water vapor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does overfishing impact ocean ecosystems?

<p>Decreasing fish stock levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor causes water to move in ocean currents due to its effect on density?

<p>Salinity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial environmental issue related to oceans mentioned in the text?

<p>Ocean Pollution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is being increasingly used to provide fresh water from seawater in arid regions?

<p>Desalination (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of oxygen production in oceans according to the text?

<p>Algae and Plankton (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which economic activity is significantly tied to warm ocean currents attracting tourists?

<p>Tourism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a renewable energy resource that oceans offer, as mentioned in the text?

<p>Solar Energy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average annual rainfall in South Africa compared to the global average?

<p>450 mm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region in South Africa experiences no rain in winter and also lacks summer rain?

<p>South-western part of Western Cape (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary impact of dams on ecosystems and biodiversity?

<p>Affect settlements and biodiversity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of municipalities in water management in South Africa?

<p>Managing local water resources (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key strategy mentioned for sustainable water use in South Africa?

<p>Restore wetlands and invasive vegetation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Population Distribution refer to?

<p>How people are spread across the Earth's surface (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes to low population densities in Mountainous Regions?

<p>Challenging living conditions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a Census?

<p>Systematically collecting demographic information about every person in a country (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the factors that lead to lower population densities in Desert Areas?

<p>Harsh climate and lack of water and resources (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is Population Density typically expressed?

<p>Per square kilometer or square mile (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does HIV represent?

<p>Human Immunodeficiency Virus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the leading cause of death in countries like Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe?

<p>HIV (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that influences migration based on personal choice?

<p>Economic opportunities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a typical pull factor attracting people to a new location?

<p>Favorable climate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the cycle of poverty in rural areas according to the text?

<p>Neglected farms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do immigrants and refugees often face hostility or discrimination according to the text?

<p>They strain local resources according to perception (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region saw a decrease in HIV infection rates from 2002 to 2008 according to the text?

<p>Gauteng (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a main push factor for migration based on conflict?

<p>Wars and conflicts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does HIV/AIDS have on healthcare facilities according to the text?

<p>Increased demand for AIDS-related treatment overwhelming healthcare facilities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do economically active individuals migrate according to the text?

<p>To secure better employment opportunities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of the rapid increase in the global population since 1800?

<p>Decrease in death rates due to healthcare advancements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of the Demographic Transition Model is characterized by low birth and death rates, influenced by improved women's rights and contraception?

<p>Low Stationary (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of an expanding population structure according to the text?

<p>Wide base reflecting high birth rates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which country mentioned is NOT an example of a situation where overpopulation is determined by living standards rather than population density?

<p>United States (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a country being considered overpopulated indicate according to the text?

<p>Decrease in living standards due to growing population (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of the Demographic Transition Model is characterized by urbanization leading to decreased birth rates and continued low death rates?

<p>Late Expanding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which state of water on Earth is characterized by its fluidity and ability to conform to the shape of its container?

<p>Liquid Water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process describes the continuous movement of water within the Earth and its atmosphere, driven by solar energy?

<p>The Hydrological Cycle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which age group is highlighted as the most affected by HIV and AIDS in terms of high death rates within the productive age group?

<p>20-49 years (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of fresh water is locked up in icecaps and glaciers according to global water distribution?

<p>68.7% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method by which water returns from the atmosphere to the surface of the Earth in the hydrological cycle?

<p>Precipitation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region holds about 97% of Earth's water but most of it is not potable due to salinity?

<p>Salt Water (Oceans) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does water vapor transform into when it cools and condenses into tiny droplets in the atmosphere?

<p>Liquid Water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which gender does HIV infection rates lead to an increase in child-headed households?

<p>Women (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process releases water vapor into the air through a combination of evaporation from water bodies and transpiration from plants?

<p>Evapotranspiration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key impact of HIV and AIDS on social structures and economic development, as mentioned in the text?

<p>Strain on social and economic systems (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant environmental threat to marine biodiversity according to the text?

<p>Overfishing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor influences the movement of deep ocean currents as explained in the text?

<p>Temperature (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary source of oxygen production mentioned in the text?

<p>Oceans (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant economic activity related to the nutrient-rich cold waters of ocean currents?

<p>Fishing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do warm ocean currents impact the climate of north-western Europe according to the text?

<p>Increasing air temperature (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key resource mentioned as being obtained from the ocean floor?

<p>Oil and gas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is used to provide fresh water from seawater in arid regions according to the text?

<p>Desalination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant challenge faced by vital ecosystems like oceans due to human activities?

<p>Pollution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do surface currents primarily move according to the text?

<p>Wind influence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impacts does overfishing have on fish populations besides reducing stocks?

<p>Disruption and imbalance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary physical cause of floods mentioned in the text?

<p>Geographical Relief (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which human activity can exacerbate the frequency and severity of floods according to the text?

<p>Deforestation and Poor Farming (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of lag time in hydrographs and flood potential?

<p>It represents the delay between peak rainfall and peak discharge, influencing flood potential (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of urbanization that contributes to increased flood risks?

<p>Impermeable surfaces accelerating runoff (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of flood defences as mentioned in the text?

<p>To construct barriers and levees to prevent overflow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do hydrographs help in understanding river discharge over time?

<p>By showing how river discharge changes before, during, and after storm events (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Urban Areas in flood management strategies focus on which approach?

<p><strong>Prohibiting development on floodplains</strong> (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average annual rainfall in South Africa?

<p>450 mm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region of South Africa experiences no rain in winter and also lacks summer rain?

<p>South-western part of the Western Cape (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does urbanization have on water in South Africa according to the text?

<p>Leads to polluted waters (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many dams are there in South Africa that help manage and store water?

<p>500 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major role of dams in South Africa?

<p>Providing water for urban needs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the strategies mentioned for sustainable water use in South Africa?

<p>Reducing wastage of water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the challenges faced in the implementation of the Free Basic Water (FBW) policy in South Africa?

<p>'Logistical and Financial Constraints' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the roles of municipalities in South Africa regarding water management?

<p>'Buying, purifying, and distributing water' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Decrease in Rainfall' and 'Increased Extremes' are predicted climate change impacts that pose challenges to which aspect of South Africa?

<p>'Agricultural Impacts' (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Seasonal Variations' and 'High Evaporation Rates' are key points related to which environmental aspect of South Africa?

<p>'Water Availability' (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of information is NOT collected during a census?

<p>Education level (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the birth rate measure in a population?

<p>Growth potential (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does a natural decrease have on a population?

<p>Population decline (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some factors influencing death rates in a population?

<p>Healthcare quality and living conditions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a population pyramid primarily depict?

<p>Age and gender breakdown (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do LEDCs typically have a wide base on their population pyramids?

<p>High birth rates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the rate of natural increase calculated in a population?

<p>$\text{Birth rate} - \text{Death rate}$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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