10th Class Physics Quiz

Newton's Laws of Motion:
- 1st Law: An object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by a force.
- 2nd Law: Force equals mass times acceleration (F = ma).
- 3rd Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Kinematics:
- Describes motion using equations of motion (s = ut + 1/2at²).
- Important concepts: velocity, acceleration, displacement.
Forces:
- Types: gravitational, frictional, tension, normal, and applied forces.
- Resultant force: The vector sum of all forces acting on an object.
Energy:
- Kinetic Energy (KE) = 1/2 mv².
- Potential Energy (PE) = mgh (gravitational).
- Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.

Electric Charge:
- Fundamental property of matter; can be positive or negative.
- Like charges repel; opposite charges attract.
Ohm's Law:
- Voltage (V) = Current (I) x Resistance (R).
- Relates voltage, current, and resistance in a circuit.
Magnetic Fields:
- Created by moving charges or magnets.
- Direction of magnetic field lines indicates the direction of force on a positive charge.
Electromagnetic Induction:
- Phenomenon where a changing magnetic field induces an electric current in a conductor.

Wave Characteristics:
- Wavelength (λ), frequency (f), amplitude, and speed (v = fλ).
- Types: longitudinal (sound) and transverse (light) waves.
Interference and Diffraction:
- Constructive interference: waves combine to create larger amplitude.
- Destructive interference: waves cancel each other out.
Doppler Effect:
- Change in frequency or wavelength due to the relative motion between the source and observer.

Laws of Thermodynamics:
- 1st Law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed (conservation of energy).
- 2nd Law: Entropy of an isolated system always increases; heat cannot spontaneously flow from cold to hot.
Thermal Properties of Matter:
- Temperature, heat transfer methods: conduction, convection, and radiation.
- Specific heat capacity: amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a unit mass by one degree Celsius.

Fluid Properties:
- Density (mass per unit volume) and viscosity (resistance to flow).
Hydrostatic Pressure:
- Pressure in a fluid at rest: P = ρgh (where ρ is density, g is acceleration due to gravity, h is height).
Bernoulli’s Principle:
- In a flowing fluid, an increase in velocity occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or potential energy.
Continuity Equation:
- A1V1 = A2V2; describes the conservation of mass in fluid flow, where A is cross-sectional area and V is fluid velocity.

Newton's 1st Law: An object remains in its current state of motion unless influenced by an external force.
Newton's 2nd Law: Force (F) is the product of mass (m) and acceleration (a) expressed as F = ma.
Newton's 3rd Law: Every action has an equal and opposite reaction, highlighting the reciprocal nature of forces.
Kinematics revolves around motion analysis using equations, notably s = ut + 1/2at².
Key concepts in kinematics include velocity (speed with direction), acceleration (change in velocity), and displacement (change in position).
Forces categorized as gravitational, frictional, tension, normal, and applied affect motion.
Resultant force is the vector sum of all individual forces acting on an object, determining overall motion.
Kinetic Energy (KE) is given by KE = 1/2 mv²; relates directly to mass and velocity.
Potential Energy (PE) is determined by the formula PE = mgh, where h is height above a reference point.
Conservation of Energy principle states energy cannot be created or destroyed but can only be transformed from one form to another.

Electric charge is a fundamental property of matter; can be either positive or negative.
Like charges repel one another while opposite charges attract, influencing interactions in circuits and materials.
Ohm's Law describes the relationship among voltage (V), current (I), and resistance (R) with the formula V = IR.
Magnetic fields arise from moving charges or permanent magnets, dictating the directional force on charged particles.
Electromagnetic induction occurs when a changing magnetic field generates an electric current in a conductor, essential in transformers and generators.

Wave characteristics include wavelength (λ), frequency (f), amplitude, and wave speed, described by the equation v = fλ.
Two main types of waves: longitudinal (e.g., sound) and transverse (e.g., light).
Interference occurs when two waves meet, resulting in constructive interference (amplitudes add) or destructive interference (amplitudes cancel).
Doppler Effect explains how frequency or wavelength changes due to the relative motion between a wave source and an observer.

1st Law of Thermodynamics emphasizes energy conservation; energy can change forms but cannot be created or destroyed.
2nd Law of Thermodynamics states that the entropy (disorder) of an isolated system will never decrease; heat flow is unidirectional from hot to cold.
Thermal properties include temperature and methods of heat transfer: conduction (direct contact), convection (fluid movement), and radiation (electromagnetic waves).
Specific heat capacity quantifies the heat needed to elevate the temperature of a unit mass by one degree Celsius.

Fluid properties encompass density (mass per unit volume) and viscosity (resistance to flow), critical in understanding fluid behavior.
Hydrostatic pressure in a stagnant fluid can be calculated with P = ρgh, where ρ is fluid density, g is the acceleration due to gravity, and h is the height.
Bernoulli’s Principle states that within a flowing fluid, an increase in velocity leads to a corresponding decrease in pressure or potential energy.
The Continuity Equation, represented as A1V1 = A2V2, conveys the conservation of mass principle in fluid dynamics, asserting that the product of cross-sectional area (A) and fluid velocity (V) remains constant.